| Part 1, Pages 1 - 86.pdf |
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1. |
LIST OF FIGURES |
iv |
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2. |
LIST OF TABLES |
v |
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3. |
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS |
vi |
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4. |
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
1 |
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5. |
INTRODUCTION |
1 |
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6. |
CZECH REPUBLIC NATIONAL ENERGY PERSPECTIVE |
3 |
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6.1 |
Transition of the Czech Economy |
3 |
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6.2 |
Resources and Energy Supply |
4 |
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6.2.1 |
Coal |
4 |
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6.2.2 |
Natural Gas |
5 |
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6.3 |
Electric Power Generation |
8 |
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6.4 |
District Heating Plants |
9 |
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6.5 |
Environmental Goals |
9 |
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7. |
Repowering |
11 |
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7.1 |
Repowering Defined |
11 |
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7.2 |
Recent U.S. Repowering Projects |
12 |
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7.3 |
Addition of Gas Turbines |
12 |
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7.4 |
AFBC Repowering/Impacts of Coal Properties on CFBC Performance |
14 |
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7.5 |
Coal Gasification/Combined Cycle |
18 |
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7.6 |
Available Repowering with PFBC |
18 |
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7.7 |
Other Options |
18 |
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7.8 |
Summary |
19 |
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8. |
EMISSIONS CONTROL |
21 |
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8.1 |
Particulate Control |
22 |
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8.1.1 |
Electrostatic Precipitators |
22 |
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8.1.2 |
Fabric Filters |
26 |
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8.1.3 |
Options for the Czech Republics’ Power Industry |
29 |
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8.2 |
Flue Gas Desulfurization |
31 |
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8.2.1 |
U.S. Experience |
32 |
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8.2.2 |
Options for the Czech Republic Power Industry |
36 |
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8.3 |
Nitrogen Oxides |
39 |
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8.3.1 |
U.S. Experience |
41 |
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8.3.1.1 |
Low NOx Burners |
41 |
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8.3.1.2 |
Natural Gas Reburning |
41 |
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8.3.1.3 |
Selective Non-catalytic Reduction |
47 |
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8.3.1.4 |
Selective Catalytic Reduction |
48 |
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8.3.1.5 |
NOx Control Costs |
50 |
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8.3.2 |
Options for the Czech Republic Power Industry |
51 |
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8.4 |
Integrated Emissions Control Systems |
53 |
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9.0 |
ADVANCED POWER GENERATION SYSTEMS |
57 |
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9.1 |
First-Generation Advanced Power Systems |
57 |
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9.2 |
Second-Generation Advanced Power Systems |
57 |
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9.2.1 |
Advanced PFBC Systems |
58 |
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9.2.2 |
Advanced IGCC Systems |
61 |
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9.3 |
Underground Coal Gasification |
64 |
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9.4 |
Phased Construction of Gasification Combined-Cycle Plants |
66 |
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9.4.1 |
Hot-Gas Cleaning of Particulates |
67 |
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9.4.2 |
Alkali-Gettering Technology |
68 |
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9.4.3 |
Fuel Gas Desulfurization |
69 |
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9.4.4 |
Solid Residuals – Reuse or Disposal |
70 |
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9.5 |
Computed Effects of Czech Lignits Properties in Advanced Power Systems |
70 |
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9.5.1 |
The Effect of High Coal Moisture, Ash, and Sulfur in a PFBC |
71 |
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9.5.2 |
Impacts of High Coal Moisture, Ash, and Sulfur on IGCC |
73 |
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9.5.2.1 |
Moisture |
77 |
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9.5.2.2 |
Ash |
79 |
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9.5.2.3 |
Sulfur |
79 |
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9.5.3 |
Information on Vendor Technologies |
79 |
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9.5.4 |
The Shell Gasifier System |
81 |
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9.5.5 |
The Texaco Gasifier System |
82 |
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9.5.6 |
The Destec Gasifier System |
82 |
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9.5.6.1 |
The Tampella/U-Gas Gasification Process |
83 |
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9.5.6.2 |
Kellogg Gasification Processes |
83 |
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9.5.6.3 |
The High-Temperature Winkler Process |
84 |
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9.5.6.4 |
ABB Combustion Engineering Coal Gasification |
85 |
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9.5.7 |
An IGCC System Based on a Moving-Bed Gasifier |
86 |
| Part 2, Pages 87 - 133.pdf |
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10.0 |
Assessment of Lignite-Upgrading Technologies |
87 |
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10.1 |
Lignite Properties Affecting Upgrading |
87 |
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10.2 |
Beneficiation |
89 |
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10.2.1 |
Background on Cleaning U.S. Coals |
89 |
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10.2.2 |
Applicable Methods for Cleaning Low-Rank Coals |
90 |
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10.2.3 |
Physical Cleaning of Czech Lignites |
91 |
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10.3 |
Evaporative Drying |
93 |
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10.4 |
Intermediate Temperature Drying |
93 |
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10.4.1 |
The Syncoal Drying Process |
93 |
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10.4.2 |
Hydrothermal Drying Processes |
94 |
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10.4.3 |
Hot Oil Drying |
94 |
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10.5 |
Upgrading Processes Based on Pyrolysis |
94 |
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10.5.1 |
The LFC/Encoal Process |
94 |
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10.5.2 |
The FMC Process and Other Form Coke Technologies |
95 |
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10.5.3 |
The U.S. DOE Mild Gasification Program |
95 |
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10.6 |
Low-Rank Coal-Water Fuel (LRCWF) |
96 |
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10.6.1 |
Process Description |
96 |
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10.6.2 |
Economics of LRCWF |
96 |
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10.6.3 |
Pipeline Transportation |
97 |
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11. |
ALTERNATIVE MARKETS FOR LIGNITE |
99 |
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11.1 |
The Experience of North Dakota Lignite in the United States |
99 |
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11.2 |
Upgraded Utility Boiler Fuels |
99 |
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11.3 |
Smokeless Briquettes |
100 |
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11.4 |
Dry Lignite Powder |
101 |
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11.5 |
Marketing Opportunities for Low-Rank Coal-Water Fuel |
102 |
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11.6 |
Form Coke |
104 |
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11.7 |
Synthetic Liquid Fuels |
104 |
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11.8 |
Methanol |
105 |
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11.9 |
Synthetic Natural Gas |
105 |
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11.10 |
Activated Carbon |
106 |
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11.11 |
Humate Soil Conditioners and Ion-Exchange Products |
106 |
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11.12 |
Coal Combustion By-Products |
107 |
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12. |
REFERENCES |
109 |
