|
Abstract |
i |
| |
1 |
Introduction |
1-3 |
| 2 |
Objectives |
3 |
| 3 |
Scope of the
Literature Search |
3-4 |
| 4 |
Pertinent Data -
Selection Criteria |
4 |
| |
4.1 |
Pertinent Fuels |
4-5 |
| 4.2 |
Pertinent Engines |
5 |
| 4.2.1 |
Pertinent Combustion Systems |
5-6 |
| 4.2.2 |
Pertinent Fueling Methods |
7 |
| 4.2.3 |
Pertinent Engine Applications |
7 |
| 4.3 |
The Relevance of Omitted Data |
7 |
| 4.4 |
Bibliography |
7 |
| 5 |
Analysis of Pertinent Data |
7 |
| |
5.1 |
Compression Ignition Combustion |
8-9 |
| 5.2 |
Spark Ignited Combustion |
9-10 |
| 5.3 |
Additional Analysis |
10 |
| 6 |
Presentation of
Pertinent Data From the Literature Search |
10-11 |
| |
6.1 |
Data relating to Compression Ignition Engines |
11 |
| 6.2 |
Data relating to Spark Ignited Stratified
Charge Engines |
11 |
| 7 |
Discussion and
Conclusions |
12 |
| |
7.1 |
Cold Starting Characteristics |
12 |
| 7.1.1 |
Discussion |
12-17 |
| 7.1.2 |
Conclusions |
17-19 |
| 7.2 |
Exhaust Smoke Following Cold Starting |
19 |
| 7.2.1 |
Discussion |
19-22 |
| 7.2.2 |
Conclusions |
22-23 |
| 7.3 |
Exhaust Smoke at Normal Engine Operating
Temperatures |
23 |
| 7.3.1 |
Discussion |
23-29 |
| 7.3.2 |
Conclusions |
29-30 |
| 7.4 |
Engine Performance |
30 |
| 7.4.1 |
Discussion |
30-33 |
| 7.4.2 |
Conclusions |
33-34 |
| 7.5 |
Gaseous Exhaust Hydrocarbons |
34 |
| 7.5.1 |
Discussion |
34-37 |
| 7.5.2 |
Conclusions |
37-38 |
| 7.6 |
Gaseous Exhaust Carbon Monoxide Emissions (CO) |
38 |
| 7.6.1 |
Discussion |
38-40 |
| 7.6.2 |
Conclusions |
40-41 |
| 7.7 |
Gaseous Exhaust Nitrogen Oxide Emissions (Nox) |
41 |
| 7.7.1 |
Discussion |
41-45 |
| 7.7.2 |
Conclusions |
45-46 |
| 7.8 |
Exhaust Particulate Emissions |
47 |
| 7.8.1 |
Discussion |
47-49 |
| 7.8.2 |
Conclusions |
49-50 |
| 7.9 |
Noise |
50 |
| 7.9.1 |
Discussion |
50-51 |
| 7.9.2 |
Conclusions |
51-52 |
| 7.10 |
Exhaust Odor |
52 |
| 7.10.1 |
Discussion |
52-53 |
| 7.10.2 |
Conclusions |
54 |
| 7.11 |
Other Considerations |
54 |
| 7.11.1 |
Discussion |
54 |
| 7.11.1.1 |
Engine Deposits and Wear |
54-56 |
| 7.11.1.2 |
The Influence of Fuel Impurities upon Exhaust
Emissions |
56-58 |
| 7.11.1.3 |
The Potential Health Hazard of Exhaust
Particulate |
58-59 |
| 7.11.2 |
Conclusions |
59-60 |
| 7.12 |
Suitability of Combustion Systems for Future
Fuels |
60 |
| 7.12.1 |
Discussion |
60-63 |
| 7.12.2 |
Conclusions |
64-65 |
| 7.13 |
Overall Conclusions |
65-66 |
| 8 |
Recommendations |
67 |
| |
| Bibliography |
68-91 |
| |
| Appendix 1 - The
Influence of Fuel Ignition Quality - Cetane Number |
92-116 |
| |
| 1 |
The Influence of
Cetane Number on Cold Start ability |
92-93 |
| 2 |
The Influence of
Cetane Number on Exhause Smoke |
93 |
| |
2.1 |
The Influence of Cetane Number on
Exhaust Smoke following cold starting |
93-94 |
|
2.2 |
The Influence of Cetane Number on
Exhaust Smoke at Normal Engine Operating Temperatures |
94-103 |
| 3 |
The Influence of
Cetane Number Upon Engine Performance |
103 |
| |
3.1 |
Ignition Delay |
103-104 |
| 3.2 |
Rate of Pressure Rise and Peak |
104-105 |
| 3.3 |
Fuel Consumption |
105-106 |
| 3.4 |
High Speed Misfire |
106-107 |
| 4 |
The Influence of
Cetane number upon Hydrocarbon (HC) Emissions |
107-109 |
| 5 |
The Influence of
Cetane Number upon carbon monoxide (CO) Emissions |
109-110 |
| 6 |
The Influence of
Cetane Number upon Emissions of Nitrogen Oxide (Nox) |
110-113 |
| 7 |
The Influence of
Cetane Number upon Engine Noise |
113-114 |
| 8 |
The Influence of
Cetane Number upon exhaust odor |
114-116 |
| 9 |
The Influence of
Cetane Number on Engine Deposits and wear |
116 |
| |
|
Appendix 2 - The Influence of Fuel Volatility |
117 |
| |
| 1 |
The Influence of fuel
volatility on cold start ability |
117 |
| 2 |
The Influence of fuel volatility on exhaust smoke |
117 |
| |
2.1 |
The Influence of Fuel volatility
on exhaust smoke following cold starting |
117-118 |
| 2.2 |
The Influence of Fuel Volatility
on Exhaust Smoke at normal Engine Operating Temperatures |
118-120 |
| 3 |
The Influence of fuel
volatility on engine performance |
120-121 |
| 4 |
The Influence of fuel
volatility upon Hydrocarbon (HC) Emissions |
121-123 |
| 5 |
The Influence of fuel
volatility upon carbon monoxide (CO) emissions |
123-124 |
| 6 |
The Influence of fuel
volatility upon the emissions of nitrogen oxides (Nox) |
124-125 |
| 7 |
The Influence of fuel
volatility upon engine noise |
125 |
| 8 |
The Influence of fuel
volatility upon exhaust odor |
125-126 |
| 9 |
The Influence of fuel
volatility on engine deposits and wear |
126 |
| |
|
Appendix 3 - The Influence of fuel chemical composition |
127-132 |
| 1 |
The Influence of fuel
chemical composition on exhaust smoke at normal engine operating
temperatures |
127-128 |
| 2 |
The Influence of fuel
chemical composition upon engine performance |
128-129 |
| 3 |
The Influence of fuel
chemical composition upon hydrocarbon (HC) Emissions |
129-130 |
| 4 |
The Influence of fuel
chemical composition upon carbon monoxide (CO) Emissions |
130-131 |
| 5 |
The Influence of fuel
chemical composition upon the emissions of Nitrogen Oxides (Nox) |
131-132 |
| 6 |
The Influence of fuel
chemical composition upon engine noise |
132 |
| 7 |
The Influence of fuel
chemical composition upon exhaust odor |
132 |
| 8 |
The Influence of fuel
chemical composition on engine deposits and wear |
132 |
| |
| Appendix 4 - The
Influence of fuel viscosity |
133-135 |
| 1 |
The Influence of Fuel
Viscosity on cold start ability |
133 |
| 2 |
The Influence of fuel
viscosity on exhaust smoke at normal engine operating temperatures |
133 |
| 3 |
The Influence of fuel
viscosity upon engine performance |
133-134 |
| 4 |
The Influence of fuel
viscosity upon hydrogen (HC) emissions |
134-135 |
| 5 |
The Influence of fuel
viscosity upon carbon monoxide (CO) Emissions |
135 |
| 6 |
The Influence of fuel
viscosity upon the emissions of nitrogen oxides (Nox) |
135 |
| 7 |
The Influence of fuel
viscosity on engine deposits |
135 |
| |
| Appendix 5 - The
Influence of fuel density |
136 |
| |
| Appendix 6 - The
Influence of fuel impurities |
137-139 |
| 1 |
The Influence of fuel
impurities upon the emissions of nitrogen oxides (Nox) |
137 |
| 2 |
The Influence of fuel
impurities upon particulate emissions |
137-138 |
| 3 |
The Influence of fuel
impurities upon exhaust odor |
138 |
| 4 |
The Influence of fuel
impurities on engine deposits and wear |
139 |
| 5 |
The Influence of fuel
impurities upon fuel injection equipment |
139 |
| |
|
Appendix 7 - Fuel Low Temperature Performance |
140 |
| |
| Appendix 8 -
Alternative Fuels |
141-167 |
| |
| 1 |
The Influence of alternative fuels on cold start ability |
141 |
| |
1.1 |
Gasolines |
141-142 |
| 1.2 |
Jet and other lower distillate
fuels |
142-143 |
| 1.3 |
Broadcut Fuels |
143 |
| 2 |
The Influence of
alternative fuels on exhaust smoke at normal engine operating
temperatures |
145 |
| |
2.1 |
Gasoline, Jet Fuels, Kerosenes
and Diesel Fuels |
145-146 |
| 2.2 |
Diesel Fuel Derived from Syncrude |
146-147 |
| 3 |
The Influence of
alternative fuels upon engine performance |
147 |
| |
3.1 |
Gasoline, Jet Fuels, Kerosene,
Diesel Fuels and Heavier Distillates |
147 |
| 3.1.1 |
Fuel Economy |
147-153 |
| 3.1.2 |
Ignition Delary, Rate of Pressure
Rise and Peak Pressure |
153 |
| 3.2 |
Diesel Fuel Derived from Syncrude |
153 |
| 3.2.1 |
Fuel Economy |
153 |
| 3.2.2 |
Ignition Delary, rate of pressure
rise and peak pressure |
154 |
| 3.3 |
Broadcast fuels |
154 |
| 3.3.1 |
Fuel Economy |
154-155 |
| 3.4 |
Other Fuels |
155 |
| 3.4.1 |
Fuel Economy |
155 |
| 4 |
The Influence of
alternative fuels upon hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO) and
nitrogen oxide (Nox) emissions |
155 |
| |
4.1 |
Kerosene, Jet fuels and diesel
fuels |
155-157 |
| 4.2 |
Diesel Fuel Derived from Syncrude |
157-160 |
| 4.3 |
Gasolines |
160-161 |
| 4.4 |
Broadcut fuels |
161-162 |
| 4.5 |
Other Fuels |
162 |
| 5 |
The influence of
alternative fuels upon particulate emissions |
162 |
| |
5.1 |
Jet, No 1 and No 2 Diesel fuels |
162-164 |
| 5.2 |
Diesel Fuel Derived from Syncrude |
164-165 |
| 6 |
The Influence of
alternative fuels upon engine noise |
165 |
| |
6.1 |
Gasoline, Jet, Kerosene and
Diesel Fuels |
165 |
| 6.2 |
Broadcast Fuels |
165 |
| 7 |
The Influence of
alternative fuels upon exhaust odor |
165-166 |
| 8 |
The Influence of
alternative fuels upon th epotential health hazards of diesel
particulates |
166-167 |
| 9 |
The Influence of
alternative fuels upon fuel injection equipment |
167 |
| |
| Appendix 9 - The
spark ignited comet combustion system |
168-172 |
| |
| 1 |
History and brief
description of the system design and combustion process |
168-170 |
| 2 |
Combustion
characteristics |
170 |
| 3 |
Performance and fuel
economy |
170-171 |
| 4 |
Gaseous Exhaust
Emissions |
171-172 |
| 5 |
Response to gaseous
exhaust Emission Constrols |
172 |
| 6 |
Noise |
172 |
| 7 |
Cold Starting
characteristics |
172 |
| |
|
Appendix 10 - The Texaco controlled combustion system -
TCCS |
173-192 |
| |
| 1 |
History and brief
description of the system design and combustion process |
173 |
| 2 |
Combustion
characteristics |
173-174 |
| 3 |
Performance |
174-175 |
| 4 |
Fuel Economy |
175 |
| |
4.1 |
Steady State Fuel Economy |
175-178 |
| 4.2 |
Transient Fuel Economy |
178-180 |
| 5 |
Gaseous exhaust
Emissions |
180 |
| |
5.1 |
Steady State Gaseous Exhaust
Emissions |
180-183 |
| 5.2 |
Transient gaseous exhaust
emissions |
183-185 |
| 6 |
Response to gaseous
exhaust emissions controls |
185-186 |
| 7 |
Exhaust particulate
emissions |
186-187 |
| 8 |
Exhaust odor |
187 |
| 9 |
Noise |
187-188 |
| 10 |
Cold starting
characteristics |
188 |
| |
| Appendix 11 - The MAN
FM combustion system |
193-199 |
| 1 |
History and brief
description of the system design and combustion process |
193-194 |
| 2 |
Combustion
Characteristics |
194-195 |
| 3 |
Performance |
194-196 |
| 4 |
Fuel Economy |
196 |
| |
4.1 |
Steady State fuel economy |
196-197 |
| 4.2 |
Transient Fuel Economy |
197 |
| 5 |
Gaseous Exhaust
Emissions |
197 |
| |
5.1 |
Steady State Gaseous Exhaust
Emissions |
197-198 |
| 5.2 |
Transient Gaseous Exhaust
Emissions |
198 |
| 6 |
Response to Gaseous
Emissions Controls |
198 |
| 7 |
Exhaust Odor |
199 |
| 8 |
Noise |
199 |
| 9 |
Cold Starting
Characteristics |
199 |
