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Coal Conversion Processes.
Final Report, September 13-August 31, 1984 - 1985

Tierney, J. W.
Biloen, P.
Holder, G. D.
Klinzing, G. E.

University of Pittsburgh

Table of Contents

Section 1
574kb

I

Abstract v

II

Introduction 1

III

Thermal Behavior of Slurry Reactors Used for Indirect Coal Liquefaction (Task 1) 3
 

1

Description of Experimental Reactor 3
  Process 5
Date Acquisition and Control 6
Adiabaticity of the Reactor 8

2

Experimental Procedure 9

3

Results Using Iron Catalyst 11

4

Results Using Ruthenium Catalysts 11
  Effect of Stirrer Speed  14
Effect of Gas Space Velocity 14
Effect of Feed Composition 15
Effect of Pressure 15

5

Discussion 16

6

Process Implications 17

7

Conclusions  18

8

Nomenclature 19

9

References 20
Section 2
313kb

10

Tables and Figures 22
Section 3
400kb

IV

Use of Chromatographic Techniques to Explore Absorbers for SO2 and NOX (Task 2) 47
 

1.0

Introduction 47
  1.1 Acid Gases as Air Pollutants 47
1.2 Removal by Solvent Adsorption 48
1.3 Facilitated Transport Through Liquid Membrane 51

2.0

Literature Review 53
 

2.1

Regenerable Systems of Solvents Absorption 53
  2.1.1 Chemical Absorption 53
2.1.2 Physical Adsorption 55
2.1.3 Determination of Activity Coefficient at Infinite Dilution from Gas-Liquid Chromatography 56

2.2

Progress of Liquid Membrane Technology 57

3.0

Experimental Apparatus and Procedure 60
  3.1

Gas-Liquid Chromatography Apparatus

60
3.2

Experimental Procedure

60
3.3

Making Liquid Surfactant Membranes

63
3.4

Immobilized Liquid Membrane Apparatus

65
3.5

Experiment Procedure for NO Diffusion

69
Section 4
337kb

4.0

Results and Discussion 70
  4.1

Nitrogen Dioxide and Methanol System

70
4.2

Equilibrium Within the Column 

70
4.3

Physical and Chemical Absorption

72
4.4

Chromatography Results

73
4.5

Uncertainty Analysis

93
Section 5
309kb
4.6

The Binary Interactions in Wilson's Equation

101
4.7

Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Data

101
4.8

The Diffusion of NO

104

5.0

Conclusion 109

6.0

Recommendation 111
  6.1 Gas-Liquid Chromatography 111
6.2 Liquid Membrane Apparatus 111
Appendix A 114
  A.1 Activity Coefficients at Infinite Dilution from Gas-Liquid Chromatography Measurements 114
A.2 Henry's Law Constant from Gas-Liquid Chromatography Measurements 121
A.3 Net Retention Volume and Specific Retention Volume 122
Section 6
404kb
Appendix B 126

B.1

The Single-Parameter Wilson Equation 126
Appendix C 132

C.1

Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Program 132
Appendix D 135

D.1

Sample Operating Data 135
Appendix E 153

E.1

Antoine Equation's Constants 153
Bibliography 154
Nomenclature 159
Section 7
506kb

V

Support and Promoter Effects on Composite CO/H2 Conversion Catalysts (Task 3) 162
 

1.0

Introduction 162

2.0

Information from Isotopic Transients 164
 

2.1

General Consideration 164

2.2

Definitions 166
  2.2.1 The Reaction Rate 166
2.2.2 Isotopic Species of CK  168
2.2.3 The Rate of Species i from Pool CK  169
2.2.4 Transient Response of Species i 170
2.2.5 Transient Response of 13C and 12C in the Outlet from a Pool 170
2.3 Assumptions 172
2.4 The Transient Response of Species i 174
2.5 Analysis of Pool C2 179
2.6 Analysis of Pool C3 191
Section 8
364kb
2.7 A Way to Estimate the Parameters 202
2.8 Summary 207

3.0

Experimental 208
  3.1 Preparation of the Catalysts 208
3.2 Equipment and Experimental Procedure 209
3.3 The Choice of MS Peaks 209
3.4 Conditions 213

4.0

Results 214
Section 9
490kb

5.0

Discussion 231
  5.1 Estimation of the Coverage 231
5.2 Comparison Between Experimental Data and the Model 234

6.0

Summary 241
Appendix A. (IN) Forms in Eq. 2-22 242
Appendix B. The Transient Response from the CSTR Model 243
Appendix C. Computer Simulation Program 250
Appendix D. Area vs Lifetime Plots 255
References 274
Section 10
410kb

VI

Extraction and Conversion of Coal and Oil Shale Using Supercritical Fluids (Task 4) 276
    Background 276
Progress 276
Model for Coal Liquefaction with a Supercritical Fluid Which Does Not React with Coal 282
Experimental Observation Made 282
References 285
Tables and Figures 286

VII

Distribution 303