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Well to Wheel Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Advanced Fuel/Vehicle Systems Volumes 1, 2, and 3 - 2001

General Motors Corporation

Table of Contents

Volume 1 245kb

Preface iii
Notation xi
Part 1: Well-to-Tank Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Transportation Fuels 1
  ES-1.1 Introduction 1
ES-1.2 Methodology 1
ES-1.3 Results 4
ES-1.4 Conclusions 11
Part 2: Tank-to-Wheel Energy Use for a North American Vehicle 13
  ES-2.1 Introduction 13
ES-2.2 Methodology 13
ES-2.3 Results 15
ES-2.4 Conclusions 17
Part 3: Well-to-Wheel Fuel/Vehicle Pathway Integration 19
  ES-3.1 Introduction 19
ES-3.2 Methodology 19
ES-3.3 Results 24
ES-3.4 Conclusions 30

 

Volume 2 466kb
Preface iii
Notation xv
Part 1: Well-to-Tank Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Transportation Fuels
  1.1 Introduction 1-1
1.2 Methodology 1-1
 

1.2.1

Fuels and Production Pathways 1-2
  1.2.1.1 Petroleum-Based Fuels 1-2
1.2.1.2 Natural-Gas-Based Fuels 1-3
1.2.1.3 Bio-Ethanol Options 1-8
1.2.1.4 Electricity Generation 1-8
1.2.1.5 Hydrogen Production via Electrolysis 1-9
1.2.2 Probability Distribution Functions for Key Parameters 1-9
1.2.3 Transportation of Feedstocks and Fuels 1-9

1.3

Results 1-13
  1.3.1 Total Energy Use 1-16
1.3.2 Fossil Energy Use 1-16
1.3.3 Petroleum Use 1-17
1.3.4 Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1-17
1.4 Conclusions 1-22
1.5 Acknowledgments 1-22
Part 2: Tank-to-Wheel Energy Utilization for a North American Vehicle
  2.1 Introduction 2-1
2.2 Methodology 2-1
  2.2.1 Vehicle Architectures 2-4
2.2.2 Vehicle Criteria 2-8
  2.2.2.1 Performance Targets 2-8
2.2.2.2 Emissions Targets 2-8
2.2.2.3 Vehicle Simulation Model Input Data 2-9
2.3 Results 2-10
2.4 Conclusions 2-11
2.5 Acknowledgments 2-12
2.6 References 2-12
Part 3: Well-to-Wheel Fuel/Vehicle Pathway Integration
  3.1 Introduction 3-1
3.2 Methodology 3-1
 

3.2.1

Part A: Selection of Well-to-Tank Pathways 3-1
  3.2.1.1 Resource Availability 3-1
3.2.1.2 Energy Efficiency 3-6

3.2.2

Part B: Well-to-Wheel Integration 3-8
  3.2.2.1 Well-to-Tank (Part 1) 3-8
3.2.2.2 Tank-to-Wheel (Part 2) 3-8
3.2.2.3 Well-to-Wheel (Part 3) 3-10

3.3

Results 3-10
  3.3.1 Conventional and Hybrid Fuel/Vehicle Pathways 3-11
3.3.2 Fuel/Hybrid and Non-Hybrid FCV Pathways 3-13

3.4

Conclusions 3-18
  3.4.1 Energy Use 3-18
3.4.2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions 3-18
3.4.3 Integrated Energy Use/GHG Emissions Results 3-20

3.5

References 3-21
Appendixes to Part 3
Appendix 3A: CO2 Content of Fuels 3-23
Appendix 3B: Energy Loss Split Calculation 3-25
Appendix 3C: Data Used to Prepare Figures 3.4 through 3.15 3-29

 

Volume 3 1,336kb
Notation xi

1

Introduction 1

2

The GREET Model 3

3

Fuels and Fuel Production Pathways Included in This Study 5
 

3.1

Gasoline, Diesel, and Naptha from Petroleum 5
  3.1.1 Gasoline Requirements 5
3.1.2 Diesel Requirements 7
3.1.3 Crude Naptha 7
3.1.4 Quality of Crude Oil 9
3.1.5 Energy Efficiency Assumptions for Production of Gasoline, Diesel, and Naptha 10

3.2

Fuels Produced from Natural Gas 16
  3.2.1 Natural-Gas-Based Fuel Pathways 16
3.2.2 Key NG Upstream Stages 22

3.3

Bio-Ethanol Production Options 29
  3.3.1 Bio-Ethanol 30
3.3.2 Parametric Assumptions 31

3.4

Electricity Generation 32
  3.4.1 Electricity Generation Pathways 32
3.4.2 Electricity Generation Efficiencies 33

3.5

Hydrogen Production via Electrolysis at Refueling Stations 34
  3.5.1 Pathway Definitions 34
3.5.2 Efficiencies of Electrolysis 35

4

Development of Probability Distribution Functions for Key Parameters 37
 

4.1

Assignment of Uncertainty Levels 37
  4.1.1 Petroleum-Based Fuel Pathways 37
4.1.2 Natural-Gas-Based Fuels 38
4.1.3 Bio-Ethanol Pathways 39
4.1.4 Electricity Generation 39
4.2 Electricity to Hydrogen via Electrolysis 40
4.3 Determination of Probability Distribution Functions 40
  4.3.1 Petroleum-Based Fuel Pathways 40
4.3.2 Natural-Gas-Based Fuels 41
4.3.3 Bio-Ethanol Pathways 42
4.4 Electricity Generation 42
4.5 Electricity to Hydrogen via Electrolysis 44

5

Transportation of Feedstocks and Fuels 45
  5.1 Methodology 45
5.2 Assumptions 46
  5.2.1 Crude Oil 46
5.2.2 Gasoline and Diesel 47
5.2.3 Methanol 47
5.2.4 Liquefied Natural Gas 49
5.2.5 Fischer-Tropsch Diesel and Naphtha 49
5.2.6 Liquid Hydrogen 50
5.2.7 Ethanol 50
5.2.8 Natural Gas and Gaseous Hydrogen 50
5.2.9 Electricity Transmission 51
5.2.10 Input Energy Efficiencies for Feedstock and Fuel Transportation 51

6

Results: Well-To-Tank Energy Use and Emissions 53
  6.1 Total Energy Use 55
6.2 Well-to-Tank Energy Efficiencies 58
6.3 Fossil Energy Use 58
6.4 Petroleum Use 61
6.5 Greenhouse Gas Emissions 61

7

Conclusions 65

8

Acknowledgements 67

9

References 69
Appendix A: Probability Distribution Functions for Key Well-to-Tank Input Parameter 302kb A-1
Appendix B: Complete Well-to-Tank Results 220kb B-1