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Refining Synthetic Liquids from Coal and Shale - 1980

National Research Council

Table of Contents

Section 1 - 5 (5.02MB)
Section 6 - 10 (4.33MB)

1

 Summary 1
  Future Product Requirements 1
Liquefaction Processes 2
Refining Technology 4
Hydrogen Manufacture 5
Health and Environmental Problems 6
Recommendations for Research and Development 7
 

2

 Introduction 9
  Projection of the Petroleum Supply 10
Maximizing Efficiencies 10
Liquid Fuels from Oil Shale and Coal 14
Bibliography 15
 

3

 Future Product Requirements 17
  Utilization of Liquid Fuels 18
Electric Power Generation 18
The Industrial Sector 18
The Buildings Sector 18
Nonenergy Uses 18
The Transportation Sector 19
Types of Liquid Fuels Required 21
Heavy Fuel Oils 21
Mid-Distillates 22
Gasoline 22
Diesel Fuel 26
Aviation Fuel 26
Future Automotive Engines and their Fuel Needs 29
Homogeneous - Charge Stratified - Charge Engine (Timed Fuel Injection) 30
Compression - Ignition (Diesel) Engine 31
Stratified - Charge Engines 34
Open - Cycle Gas Turbine 35
External Combustion Engines: Stirling, Rankine, and Closed Cycle Gas Turbine Engines 35
Survey on Compatibility of Future Automotive Fuels and Engines 35
Summary of Responses 39
Bibliography 44
 

4

 Coal Liquefaction Processes 46
  The Role of Hydrogen 46
Coal Pyrolysis 48
Solvent Processes Without the Addition of Catalysts 52
Solvent Processes Involving the Addition of Catalysts 57
Exxon Donor Solvent (EDS) Process H-Coal Process 61
Hydrogen Production and Use in Direct Liquefaction Processes 63
Direct Liquefaction Process with Decreased Hydrogen Consumption 66
Indirect Liquefaction Processes 66
Bibliography 75
 

5

 Oil Shale Extractor Processes and Products 78
  Surface Retorting Processes 79
Lurgi-Ruhrgas Process 79
Superior's Multi-Mineral Process 81
Paraho Process 81
Tosco II Process 84
Union Oil Retorting Processes 86
Occidental Petroleum Process 88
LETC Process 89
Lawrence Livemore Laboratory's Rise Process 94
Physical and Chemical Data on Raw Shale Oil from Various Retorting Processes 94
Nitrogen 102
Arsenic 105
Sulfur 108
Oxygen 108
Bibliography 108
 

6

 Refining of Coal and Shale Liquids 111
  Refining Coal Liquids 115
Heavy Liquid Feedstock's Containing Nondistillable Materials 115
All-Distillate Synthetic Crudes from Direct Liquefaction 117
Indirectly Produced Coal-Derived Liquids 118
Refining Shale Liquids 118
Refining Technology for Catalytic Hydroprocessing 125
Overview 125
Catalysts 127
Reactors and Processes 130
Conclusions 133
Recommendations 134
Bibliography 135
 

7

 Hydrogen Production 137
  Production Processes 137
Steam Reforming 137
Partial Oxidation 138
Hydrogen from Coal 139
Other Processes 140
Comparative Costs 140
Conclusions and Recommendations 143
Bibliography 145
 

8

 Environmental Effects 146
  Location of the Refining Operation 147
Chemical Composition of Synthetic Crudes 147
Heteroatoms 148
Polycyclic Organic Materials (POMs) 149
Trace Elements 150
Regulations and Constraints 151
Control Technologies 153
Public Concerns 154
Recommendations 155
Bibliography 155
 

9

 Health Effects 159
  Health Effects of Petroleum Refining and Handling 159
Occupational Studies 161
Shale Oil Refining and Handling 163
Scottish Studies 163
Estonian Studies 164
U.S. Studies 165
Coal Oil Refining and Handling 169
Indirect Liquefaction 169
Direct Liquefaction 169
Pyrolysis 169
Handling and Use of Oil Shale and Coal Products 172
Gasoline 172
Mid-Distillates 172
Residual Fuels 173
Combustion Particles 173
Conclusions and Recommendations 173
Bibliography 174
 

10

 Research and Development 183
  Federally Funded R&D 184
Department of Energy In-House Refining R&D Capability 185
Privately Funded R&D 187
R&D Priorities 189
Future Product Requirements 189
Catalyst Development 190
Disposal of Arsenic Wastes from Shale Oil Refining 190
Hydrogen Production 190
Chemistry of Raw Liquids and Chemical Reactions in Refining 191
Reactions in Refining 191
Indirect Liquefaction 191
Health and Environmental Impacts 191
Recommendations 192
Basic and Exploratory Research 192
Applied Research and Process Development 193
Systems Development 194
Bibliography 194
Appendix 195