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Part 1 |
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Section I: Introduction |
1 |
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Aviation Turbine Fuels |
1 |
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Possible Processing Schemes for the Production of High Density Aviation Turbine Fuels |
7 |
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Hydrogenation of Aromatic Refining Feed Streams |
8 |
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Removal of Normal Paraffin’s from Naphthenic Refinery Feedstreams |
8 |
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Solvent Extraction |
8 |
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Shape Selective Formation of Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Followed by Hydrogenation to the Corresponding Naphthene |
13 |
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Section II: Analysis of Aviation Turbine Fuel Samples |
15 |
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Analysis of the High Density Aviation Turbine Fuel |
17 |
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Analysis of Conventional Aviation Turbine Fuels and Pyrolysis Oils |
26 |
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Analysis of the Aromatic 2040 Solvent |
26 |
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Section III: Shape Selective Catalysis |
41 |
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Introduction |
41 |
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Zeolite Catalysts |
42 |
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General Concepts Related to Zeolite Synthesis |
43 |
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Characteristic Structures of Catalytically Important Zeolites |
45 |
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Large Pore Zeolites |
45 |
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Small Pore Zeolites |
46 |
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Pentasil Zeolites and Molecular Sieves |
47 |
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Shape Selective Zeolite Catalysis and Catalysts |
49 |
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Preparation of Shape Selective Zeolites |
49 |
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Synthesis of ZZSM-type Zeolites |
49 |
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Synthesis of Zeolite ZSM-5 |
50 |
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Synthesis of Zeolite ZSM-48 |
54 |
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Factors Affecting the Synthesis of the ZSM Family of Zeolites |
55 |
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Substitutes in the Framework of the ZSM Family of Zeolites |
56 |
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Modification of Shape Selective Zeolites for Catalytic Use |
56 |
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Ion Exchange |
56 |
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Thermal Treatment |
57 |
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Chemical Modification |
57 |
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Metal Loading |
58 |
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Characterization of Zeolites |
59 |
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X-ray Diffraction |
59 |
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Microanalysis |
59 |
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Thermal Desorption |
61 |
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Vibrational Spectroscopy |
62 |
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Solid State NMR |
64 |
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Kinetic Characterization |
65 |
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Intracrystalline Diffusion in Zeolites |
66 |
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Shape Selective Zeolite Catalysis |
67 |
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Types of Shape Selective Zeolite Catalysts |
67 |
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Coking on Shape Selective Zeolite Catalysts |
69 |
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Applications of Shape Selective Zeolite Catalysts in Industrially Significant Processes |
70 |
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Methanol to gasoline Process |
70 |
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Methanol to Olefins and Distillates |
71 |
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Middle Distillate and Lube Oil Dewaxing |
72 |
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M-Forming Process |
73 |
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Alkylation of Aromatics |
73 |
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Benzene Alkylation |
73 |
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Toluene Alkylation |
74 |
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Toluene Disproportionation |
74 |
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Xylene Isomerization |
75 |
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Preparation of Zeolites ZSM-5 and ZSM-48 |
75 |
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Preparation of Zeolite ZSM-5 |
75 |
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Preparation of Zeolite ZSM-48 |
78 |
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Characterization of Synthetic Zeolites |
83 |
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Elemental Analysis of Synthetic Zeolites |
83 |
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X-ray Diffraction |
83 |
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Thermal Desorption |
84 |
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Infrared Spectroscopy |
84 |
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SEM and the Morphology of Zeolites |
87 |
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Channel Structure |
87 |
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Acidity |
87 |
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Surface Area |
88 |
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Reactivity of Methanol and Higher Alcohols over Zeolites |
88 |
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Chemical Supplies |
90 |
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Section IV: Selective Synthesis of Aromatic Hydrocarbons over
Zeolite Catalysts |
93 |
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Laboratory Preparation of ZSM-5 and ZSM-48 Zeolites |
93 |
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Synthesis of ZSM-5 |
93 |
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Synthesis of ZSM-48 |
99 |
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Chemical Composition |
116 |
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Summary |
120 |
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Characterization of Synthesized Zeolites |
120 |
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Thermal Desorption |
120 |
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Infrared Spectroscopy |
125 |
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Catalytic Cracking of n-Hexane |
131 |
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Isomerization of Isobutane |
134 |
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Surface Area Measurement |
136 |
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Summary |
142 |
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Reaction of Alcohols over Zeolites |
143 |
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Summary |
156 |
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Part 2 |
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Preliminary Methanol Conversion Process Study |
158 |
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Methanol Conversion over ZSM-5 and ZSM-48 |
159 |
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Pressure Effect |
164 |
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Temperature Effect |
164 |
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Reaction Index |
164 |
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Dual Reactor Study |
168 |
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Section V: Selective Hydrogenation of Aromatic Hydrocarbons |
173 |
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Supported Metal Catalyst Preparation |
173 |
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Catalyst Characterization by Hydrogen Chemisorption |
174 |
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Measurement of Sites |
174 |
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Constant Volume Adsorption Apparatus |
176 |
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Vacuum System |
183 |
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Vacuum System |
183 |
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Gas Handling and Purification System |
184 |
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Operating Procedures |
184 |
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Catalyst Loading |
184 |
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Catalyst Pretreatment |
185 |
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Adsorption Isotherm Procedure |
186 |
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Adsorption Isotherm Calculation Procedure |
188 |
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Doser Volume Calibration |
189 |
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Calculation of the Cell Volume |
190 |
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Adsorption Isotherm Calculation |
192 |
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Hydrogenation of Toluene |
203 |
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Hydrogenation of Naphthalene |
203 |
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Section VI: Selective Catalytic Cracking of Normal Paraffins in
Kerosene Boiling Range Feedstocks Over ZSM-5 |
206 |
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Introduction |
206 |
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Experimental Apparatus |
207 |
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Description of the Components of the System |
207 |
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Gas Feed System |
207 |
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Liquid Feed System |
209 |
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Reactor |
210 |
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Product Collection System |
210 |
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Operating Procedure |
210 |
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Catalyst Loading Procedure |
211 |
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Mass Balance Procedure |
212 |
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Computer Analysis of Results |
214 |
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Model Compound Studies |
215 |
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Catalyst Preparation |
215 |
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Thermal Cracking |
216 |
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Hexadecane Cracking at 573 K (300ºC) |
216 |
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Cracking Reactions as a Function of Residence Time |
219 |
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Distillate Fuel Studies |
224 |
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Freeze Point Reductions of Kerosene and Diesel Fuels |
224 |
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Dewaxing of Kerosene and Diesel to Maximize Density |
229 |
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Conclusions |
231 |
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Section VII: Design and Construction of a BET Surface Area
Apparatus |
233 |
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Introduction |
233 |
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Procedure for Surface Area Measurement |
234 |
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Experimental Apparatus |
235 |
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Adsorption System |
236 |
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Vacuum System |
241 |
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Gas Storage System |
241 |
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Catalyst Pretreatment System |
242 |
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Adsorption/Desorption Isotherm Procedure |
242 |
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Determination of Sample Cell Dead Volume |
242 |
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Determination of the Isotherm |
246 |
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Calculation of the Adsorption/Desorption Isotherm |
248 |
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Scope of the BET System |
250 |
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Results |
251 |
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Computer Program |
251 |
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Adsorption/Desorption Isotherm for Alumina |
252 |
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Adsorption/Desorption Isotherm for ZSM-5 |
256 |
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Discussion |
258 |
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C-Values |
258 |
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Isotherm Modeling |
264 |
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Hysteresis Loops |
269 |
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Conclusions |
273 |
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Part 3 |
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Section VIII: Design and Fabrication of the Catalyst Testing Unit |
274 |
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Reactor Design |
274 |
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Temperature Controllers |
276 |
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Pressure |
276 |
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Space Velocity and Mixing Ratio |
278 |
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Gas Feed and Mixing Ratio |
278 |
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Liquid Feed |
278 |
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Gas-Liquid Separator |
278 |
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Two-Stage Compressor |
279 |
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Gas Recycle Pump |
279 |
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Packed Distillation Column |
279 |
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Automation of the Reactor System |
283 |
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Section IX: Literature Survey |
288 |
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Introduction |
288 |
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Database File |
291 |
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References |
316 |
