1.

Abstract

i

2.

Executive Summary

ii

3.

Table of Tables

viii

4.

Table of Figures

ix

5.

Acknowledgements

xiii

6.

Introduction

1

6.1

Objectives

1

6.2

Background

1

6.3

Approach

2

7.

Gas Conditioning

4

7.1

Ammonia Removal

4

7.1.1

Copper Reduction Tube

4

7.1.2

Platinum Catalyst on Alumina Substrate

4

7.1.3

Platinum Wire Catalyst

6

7.1.4

Palladium Wire Catalyst

14

7.1.5

Final Design of Catalyst Tube

18

7.1.6

Oxidation without Catalyst

19

7.1.7

Nafion Tubing

19

8.

Moisture Removal

20

9.

Tar Removal

20

10.

Sampling Issues

21

10.1

Sample Transport Lines

21

10.2

Monitoring Flow During Field Sampling

23

10.3

Use of an Inertial Filter

24

11.

Mercury Studies

24

11.1

Selection of Methods to Evaluate

24

11.2

Atomic Absorption Vs. Atomic Fluorescence

25

11.2.1

Overview of Technologies

25

11.2.2

Laboratory Evaluations

26

11.2.3

Selection of Analytical Approach

30

11.3

Mercury Transport through Steel Lines

31

11.4

Mercury Transport through Catalyst Beds

32

11.5

Mercury Transport in Nafion Dryers

35

11.6

General Transport and Conversion of HgCl2

37

11.7

Calibration Devices

39

11.7.1

Elemental Mercury Permeation Tubes

39

11.7.2

Mercuric Chloride Permeation Tubes

39

11.8

Interferences in the Determination of HgBY AA

40

11.8.1

Primary Matrix Gases

40

11.8.2

Moisture

40

11.8.3

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

41

11.9

D2 Background Correction Approach

43

11.9.1

Background

43

11.9.2

Tests with Optical Breadboard Setup

44

11.9.3

Development of Prototype Analyzer

48

11.9.4

Evaluation of Prototype Analyzer

49

11.10

Description of Hg Analyzer and CEM

57

11.11

Testing of Entire CEM in the Laboratory

60

12.

Hydrogen Chloride Studies

63

12.1

Selection of Methods to Evaluate

63

12.2

Gas Filter Correlation IR

65

12.3

Colorimetric Method

68

12.3.1

Standard Chemcassette

70

12.3.2

Low Level Chemcassetts

71

12.3.3

Discussion

73

12.4

Ion Mobility Spectroscopy

74

12.4.1

Overview of Technology

74

12.4.2

Laboratory Evaluations

75

12.5

General HCl Transport Studies

79

12.6

HCL Transport through Catalyst Beds

80

12.7

HCL Transport in Nafion Dryers

81

12.8

Calibration Devices

82

12.8.1

Preliminary Assessment of Permeation Tubes

82

12.8.2

Studies of Difference Calibration Systems

84

12.8.3

Alternate Calibration Approaches

93

12.9

Description of CEM

94

12.10

Testing of the Entire CEM in the Laboratory

97

13.

Conclusions

100

14.

References

101