| ABSTRACT |
| PREFACE |
| SUMMARY |
| GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS |
| PART A: |
TECHNOLOGY AND FUELS FOR NEW GENERATION VEHICLES |
| 1 |
Introduction |
| 2 |
Review of vehicle and propulsion technology |
| 3 |
Internal combustion engine vehicles |
| |
3.1 |
Advances in ICEs |
| |
3.1.1 |
General |
| 3.1.2 |
Manifold and valve train designs |
| 3.1.3 |
Direct injection engines |
| 3.1.4 |
Turbocharging |
| 3.1.5 |
Variable compression ratio |
| 3.1.6 |
Increased electric voltage |
| 3.1.7 |
OBD systems |
| 3.1.8 |
HCCI engines |
| 3.1.9 |
Natural gas in advanced ICEs |
|
3.2 |
Fuel requirements for advanced ICEs |
| |
3.2.1 |
General |
| 3.2.2 |
Availability of sulphur-free fuels |
| 3.2.3 |
European legislation |
| 3.2.4 |
World Wide Fuel Charter |
| 3.2.5 |
Standards for natural gas quality |
|
4 |
Hybrid vehicle technology |
| |
4.1 |
Advantage of hybrid vehicles |
| 4.2 |
First mass-production hybrid vehicle |
| 4.3 |
Different types of hybrid vehicles |
| 4.4 |
Natural gas as a fuel for hybrid
vehicles |
| 5 |
Fuel cell technology |
| |
5.1 |
General |
| 5.2 |
Fuel cell types |
| 5.3 |
Fuelling the fuel cells |
| |
5.3.1 |
General |
| 5.3.2 |
Fuel processor technologies |
| 5.3.3 |
Fuel options for fuel processors |
| 5.3.4 |
Comparing reformation efficiencies |
| 5.4 |
The complete FC system |
| 5.5 |
Possibilities for distributed power |
| 5.6 |
Alliances and joint-ventures for stack and fuel
processor development |
| 5.7 |
Progress in performance and time to market scenarios |
| 6 |
Hydrogen as a fuel |
| |
6.1 |
General |
| 6.2 |
Production |
| |
6.2.1 |
Volumes and sources |
| 6.2.2 |
Electrolysis |
| 6.2.3 |
Thermochemical reforming |
| |
6.2.3.1 |
Large scale, central (remote) production |
| 6.2.3.2 |
Small scale, on-site/on-board production |
| 6.2.3.3 |
Other possibilities |
| 6.3 |
Infrastructure and storage of hydrogen |
| |
6.3.1 |
Storage options |
| |
6.3.1.1 |
Compressed H2 |
| 6.3.1.2 |
Liquid H2 |
| 6.3.1.3 |
Hybride H2 |
| 6.3.2 |
Transportation and distribution |
| 6.3.3 |
Refueling |
| 6.3.4 |
Similarities between CH4 and
H2 |
| 6.4 |
Safety Issues |
| 6.5 |
Standards for hydrogen use in
transportation |
| 6.6 |
Cost issues |
| 7 |
Ways and possibilities of introducing NG into the
transportation energy supply |
| |
7.1 |
General |
| 7.2 |
Conventional fuels |
| 7.3 |
Synthetic fuels (diesel, gasoline) |
| 7.4 |
Direct methane |
| 7.5 |
Methanol |
| 7.6 |
DME |
| 7.7 |
Natural gas to Hydrogen |
| 8 |
System efficiency - a "well-to-wheels" analysis |
| |
8.1 |
General remarks |
| 8.2 |
General description of the procedure
and references to data source |
| 8.3 |
Efficiency and energy use of selected
fuel/power-train options |
| |
8.3.1 |
Crude oil to gasoline and diesel |
| 8.3.2 |
Natural gas |
| 8.3.3 |
Natural gas to electricity and hydrogen
by electrolysis (central and local production) |
| 8.3.4 |
Natural gas to methanol to be used in
FCV with an on-board reformer |
| 8.3.5 |
Natural gas to Fischer-Tropsch diesel (FTD) |
| 8.4 |
Discussion and synthesis from the
efficiency assessment |
| 8.5 |
Emissions |
| |
8.5.1 |
GHG - emissions |
| 8.5.2 |
Toxic emissions and other air
pollutants |
| 8.6 |
Conclusions on system efficiencies |
| 9 |
Recommendations for the natural gas vehicle industry |
| |
| PART B: |
EXAMPLES OF NEW GENERATION VEHICLES |
| 1 |
Advanced gasoline vehicles |
| |
1.1 |
Honda Accord |
| 1.2 |
Nissan Centra |
| 2 |
Hybrid-electric vehicles |
| |
2.1 |
Toyota Prius |
| 2.2 |
Honda Insight |
| 3 |
Advanced natural gas vehicles |
| |
3.1 |
Honda Civic GX |
| 3.2 |
Opel Zafira CNG, Volvo Bi-fuel and Fiat
Multipla Bipower |
| 3.3 |
The Iveco CityClass natural gas bus |
| 4 |
Fuel cell vehicles |
| |
4.1 |
Daimler-Chrysler Necar 5 |
| 4.2 |
Open HydroGen 3 |
| 4.3 |
Toyota FCHV-4 and FCHV-5 |
| 4.4 |
The Mercedes-Benz Citaro fuel cell bus |
| 5 |
Vehicles with hydrogen powered
combustions engine |
| |
5.1 |
BMW 750hL |
| 5.2 |
BMW 745h |
| 5.3 |
The Hydrogen Powered Mini |
