Section
1
534kb |
Foreword |
i |
| Author's
Preface |
ii |
| Contents |
v |
| List
of Illustrations |
ix |
| List
of Tables |
xi |
| Introduction |
15 |
Section
2
608kb |
I. |
Extraction
by Solvents |
20 |
|
(a) |
The
Yield of Oil by Extraction |
20 |
|
(b) |
Identification
of Chemical Compounds in the Extracts |
20 |
| II. |
Production
and Working-Up of Primary Tar |
22 |
|
(a) |
Methods
of Destructive Distillation of Fuels |
22 |
|
(b) |
Special
Laboratory Methods for the Production of Primary Tar |
24 |
|
(c) |
Yields
of Primary Tar From Coal and Peat |
25 |
|
(d) |
Proximate
Composition of Primary Tars |
27 |
|
(e) |
The
Temperatures Required for the Production of Primary Tar |
28 |
Section
3
779kb |
|
(f) |
Differentiation
Between Various Primary Tars and Other Tars |
30 |
|
(g) |
The
Chemical Compounds Found in Primary Tar and in Primary Benzines |
38 |
|
(h) |
The
Liquor From Low-Temperature Carbonization |
43 |
|
(i) |
Composition
and Application of Low-Temperature Carbonization Gas |
43 |
Section
4
865kb |
|
(k) |
The
Low-Temperature Benzine |
46 |
|
(l) |
The
Position of Primary Tar Between Coke-Oven Tar and Petroleum |
49 |
|
(m) |
Semi-Coke |
50 |
|
(n) |
The
Heat Balance of Low-Temperature Carbonization |
56 |
|
(o) |
The
Development of Commercial Primary Tar Production |
58 |
|
|
1. |
Distillation
Apparatus with External Heating |
59 |
|
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|
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Vertical
Retorts |
60 |
Section
5
939kb |
|
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|
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Horizontal
Retorts |
64 |
|
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|
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Tunnel
Kilns |
68 |
|
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|
|
Rotary
Retorts |
71 |
|
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|
|
Retorts
with Inner Lining |
76 |
|
|
2. |
Internal
Heating |
76 |
|
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|
|
Superheated
Steam as Heating Agent |
76 |
|
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|
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Hot
Producer Gas as Heating Medium |
78 |
|
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|
|
Hot
Coke-oven Gas as Heating Medium |
79 |
|
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|
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Carbonisation
by means of Flue Gasses |
80 |
Section
6
1002kb |
|
|
3. |
Combined
Apparatus |
81 |
|
|
|
|
Hot-Run
Generators fitted with Carbonising Retorts |
81 |
|
|
|
|
Retorts
Combined with Low-Temperature Producers |
84 |
|
|
|
|
Preliminary
Carbonization of Furnace Fuel |
87 |
|
(p) |
The
Influence of Retort Design Upon the Composition of Primary Tars
and Gas Benzines |
89 |
|
(q) |
The
Influence of Coal Drying on the Oil Recovery |
91 |
|
(r) |
Utilisation
and Working-Up of Primary Tar |
94 |
|
|
1. |
Direct
Utilisation of Primary Tar |
94 |
|
|
2. |
Working-Up
of Primary Tar by Distillation |
94 |
|
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|
|
Chemical
Changes on Distillation |
94 |
Section
7
544kb |
|
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Working-up
by Distillation at Ordinary Pressure |
97 |
|
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Distillation
at Ordinary Pressure and Chemical Treatment |
99 |
|
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Working-up
of Primary Tar by means of Superheated Steam and Chemical Treatment |
100 |
|
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Working-up
in a High Vacuum |
104 |
|
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3. |
Separation
and Utilisation of Phenols |
106 |
|
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|
|
The
Disadvantages of Phenols and their Corrosion of Metals |
106 |
|
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|
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The
Utilisation of Phenols |
108 |
|
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|
|
Methods
of Separation of Phenols hitherto in Use |
108 |
Section
8
292kb |
|
|
|
|
The
Recovery of the Phenols by means of Superheated Water |
110 |
Section
9
959kb |
|
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4. |
The
Reduction of Phenols of Primary Coal Tar to Benzol and Toluol |
117 |
Section
10
605kb |
|
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5. |
Benzine
by Destructive Distillation of Primary Tar from Bituminous or
Brown Coal |
137 |
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Benzine
by Cracking of Primary Tar at Ordinary Pressure |
140 |
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Benzine
by Cracking under Pressure |
146 |
Section
11
705kb |
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Benzine
by the Burton Process |
150 |
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Benzine
by Cracking and Simultaneous Hydrogenation under High Pressure |
151 |
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6. |
The
Hydrogenation of Primary Tars, Tar Oils and Phenols |
158 |
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With
Catalysts |
158 |
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Without
Catalysts |
159 |
|
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7. |
Summary
of the Recovery of Light Motor Spirits From Primary Tars |
160 |
|
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8. |
Purification
of Primary Tar Oils by Oxidation Under Pressure |
164 |
Section
12
414kb |
|
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9. |
Formation
of resins and Asphalt from Primary Tar by Oxidation under Pressure |
166 |
|
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10. |
Fatty
Acids from Crude Paraffin Wax by Oxidation under Pressure |
166 |
|
(s) |
Conversion
of Low-Temperature Carbonisation Tar into Coke-oven Tar |
166 |
|
(t) |
Conversion
of Brown Coal Tar into Aromatic Tar |
169 |
|
(u) |
Liquid
Motor Fuels by Hydrogenation of Coal Tar, and Especially by Naphthalene |
170 |
|
(v) |
Importance
of Primary Tar as Raw Material |
173 |
Section
13
568kb |
II. |
Hydrogenation
of Coal |
174 |
|
(a) |
By
Means of Hydriodic Acid Under Pressure According to Berthelot |
174 |
|
(b) |
Comparative
Hydrogenation of Different Coals with Hydriodic |
177 |
|
(c) |
Hydrogenation
by Means of Sodium Formate |
179 |
Section
14
626kb |
|
(d) |
Hydrogenation
by Means of Carbon Monoxide and Water |
187 |
|
(e) |
Hydrogenation
with Sodium Carbonate and Hydrogen |
195 |
|
(f) |
Destructive
Distillation of Bituminous Coal at Higher Hydrogen Pressures |
197 |
|
(g) |
Hydrogenation
of Coal According to Bergius at High Hydrogen Pressure |
198 |
Section
15
569kb |
IV. |
Synthetic
Processes |
202 |
|
(a) |
The
Action of Electric Discharges |
202 |
|
(b) |
Catalytic
Experiments at Ordinary Pressure |
203 |
|
(c) |
Liquid
Hydrocarbons from Carbon Monoxide and Hydrogen Under Pressure |
206 |
|
(d) |
Alcohols
and Formaldehyde from Carbon Monoxide and Hydrogen Under Pressure |
210 |
|
(e) |
Methyl
Alcohol and Oils by Decomposition of Formates |
211 |
Section
16
610kb |
|
(f) |
Synthol
From Carbon Monoxide and Water Vapour Under Pressure |
213 |
|
(g) |
Catalytic
Experiments in the Presence of Nitrogen |
219 |
|
(h) |
Catalytic
Experiments with Carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen under Pressure |
221 |
|
(i) |
Synthol
from Water Gas Under Pressure |
221 |
|
|
1. |
On
the Need of a Metallic Hydrogen Carrier in the Contact Material |
221 |
|
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2. |
Influence
of the Form and Length by the Contact Material |
223 |
|
|
3. |
Influence
of Bases and their Quantity upon the Oil Yield |
224 |
Section
17
646kb |
|
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4. |
Experiments
with Hydrogen Carriers other than Iron |
227 |
|
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5. |
Influence
of the Composition of Water Gas |
229 |
|
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6. |
Influence
of Impurities in Water Gas |
232 |
|
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7. |
Influence
of Temperature, Pressure and Gas Velocity |
232 |
|
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8. |
Determination
of Yields in the Circulation Apparatus |
234 |
|
(k) |
Carbon
Dioxide and Hydrogen in the Circulation Apparatus |
240 |
|
(l) |
Carbon
Dioxide and Methane in the Circulation Apparatus |
241 |
Section
18
641kb |
|
(m) |
Carbon
Monoxide and Methane in the Circulation Apparatus |
241 |
|
(n) |
Examination
of Products of Reaction |
246 |
|
(o) |
Road
Tests of Synthol |
248 |
|
(p) |
Conversion
of Synthol into Synthin |
248 |
|
(q) |
Formation
of Petroleum from Water Gas |
248 |
|
(r) |
Attempt
at an Explanation of the Synthol Process |
250 |
Section
19
664kb |
|
(s) |
Industrial
Applicability of the Synthol Process |
255 |
| V. |
Hydrocarbons
from Carbides |
258 |
|
(a) |
Carbides
which Directly Yield Liquid Hydrocarbons |
258 |
|
(b) |
Carbides
Giving Hydrocarbons which can be Converted inot Liquids |
261 |
| Appendix
(Editor's Notes) |
263 |
|
(a) |
Recent
Developments in Low-Temperature Carbonisation |
263 |
|
|
|
Parker
Plant |
263 |
|
|
|
Maclaurin |
266 |
Section
20
825kb |
|
(b) |
Lessing
Process for the Separation of Oils and Pitch from Tar |
269 |
|
(c) |
Hydrogenation
of Coal in the Absence of Oil |
271 |
| Bibliography |
274 |
| Index |
279 |
