| Return to Literature References Table of Contents Literature ReferencesNovember 1, 2004 Update 
 Aaserud, C., “Model studies of secondary hydrogenation in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis studied by cobalt catalysts”, Dr. Ing. Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 2003. Aaserud, C., Hilmen, A.-M., Bergene, E., Eri, S., Schanke, D., Holmen, A., “Hydrogenation of Propene on Cobalt Fischer–Tropsch Catalysts”, Catal. Lett., 94(3-4), 2004, p. 171-176. Abdel-Aal, H. K., Stiles, G. B., Holland, C. D., “Formation of interfacial area at high rates of gas flow through submerged orifices”, AIChE J., 12(1), 1966, pp. 174-180. 
Abel, E. W., “The metal carbonyls”, Q. Rev., Chem. Soc., 1963, pp. 133-159. 
 
Abhivantanaporn, P., Gardner, R. A., “Infrared spectra of carbon monoxide on 
ruthenium predicted by intermedion theory”, J. Catal., 27(1), 1972, pp. 56-59. 
Ackermann, M., Robach, O., Walker, C., Quiros, C., Isern, H., Ferrer, S., 
“Hydrogenation of carbon monoxide on Ni(111) investigated with surface X-ray 
diffraction at atmospheric pressure”, Surf. Sci., 557(1-3), 2004, pp. 21-30. 
Adler, P. M., “Formation of an air-water two-phase flow”, AIChE, 23(2), 1977, 
pp. 185-191. 
Afschar, A. S., Diboun, M., Schügerl, K., “Eine Blasensäule mit Gleichstrom von 
Wasser und Luft — III Wechselwirkung zwischen den Phasen”, Chem. Eng. Sci., 
23(3), 1968, pp. 253-265. 
Afschar, A. S., Schügerl, K., “Eigenschaften von Dreiphasen-Fließbetten mit 
Gleichstrom von Wasser und Luft”, Chem. Eng. Sci., 23(3), 1968, pp. 267-278. 
Al-Masry, W. A., “Influence of Gas Separator and Scale-up on the Hydrodynamics 
of External Loop Circulating Bubble Columns”, Chem. Eng. Res. Des., 82(3), 2004, 
pp. 381-389. 
Alleman, T. L., McCormick, R. L., “Fischer-Tropsch Diesel Fuels - Properties and 
Exhaust Emissions: a Literature Review”, SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-0763, 2003. 
Alvarez-Cuenca, M., Nerenberg, M. A., “Oxygen mass transfer in bubble columns 
working at large gas and liquid flow rates”, AIChE J., 27(1), 1981, pp. 66-73. 
Amariglio, A., Eddouasse, M., Amariglio, H., “Catalytic methanation of CO2: A 
means of revealing the allotropic transformation of cobalt”, Surf. Sci., 
162(1-3), 1985, pp. 375-381. 
Amenomiya, Y., Pleizier, G., “Chemisorption of gases on a promoted iron catalyst 
: I. Hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide”, J. Catal., 28(3), 
1973, pp. 442-454. 
Anderson, G. H., Mantzouranis, B. G., “Two-phase (gas-liquid) flow phenomena—I. 
Pressure drop and hold-up for two-phase flow in vertical tubes”, Chem. Eng. Sci., 
12(2), 1960, pp. 109-126. 
Anderson, G. H., Mantzouranis, B. G., “Two-phase (gas/liquid) flow phenomena—II 
: Liquid entrainment”, Chem. Eng. Sci., 12(4), 1960, pp. 233-242. 
Anderson, J. R., Elmes, P. S., Howe, R. F., Mainwaring, D. E., “Preparation of 
some supported metallic catalysts from metallic cluster carbonyls”, J. Catal., 
50(3), 1977, pp. 508-518. 
Anderson, R. B., “Reply to the rebuttal by G. Henrici-Olivé and S. Olivé”, J. 
Catal., 60(3), 1979, p. 484. 
Anselme, M. J., Gude, M., Teja, A. S., “The critical temperatures and densities 
of the n-alkanes from pentane to octadecane”, Fluid Phase Equilibria, 57(3), 
1990, pp. 317-326. 
Ansorge, J., Förster, H., “Transient IR spectroscopic investigation of 
surface-carbonyl formation on a supported cobalt catalyst”, J. Catal., 68(1), 
1981, pp. 182-185. 
Apple, T. M., Dybowski, C., “Effect of coadsorption of CO on the adsorption of 
H2 on Rh/TiO2”, J. Catal., 71(2), 1981, pp. 316-319. 
Araki, K., Fujiwara, H., Sugimoto, K., Oshima, Y., Koda, S., “Kinetics of 
Water-Gas Shift Reaction in Supercritical Water”, J. Chem. Eng. Japan, 37(3), 
2004, pp. 443-448. 
Arregle, J., Payri, F., Fenollosa, C., Delage, A., Belot, G., Schaberg, P. W., 
Myburgh, I. S., Botha, J. J., “Characterisation of the Injection-Combustion 
Process in a Common Rail D.I. Diesel Engine Running With Sasol Fischer-Tropsch 
Fuel”, SAE Technical Paper 2000-01-1803, 2000. 
Arutyunov, V. S., Lapidus, A. L., Saifullin, I. Sh., Rezunenko, V. I., 
“Gas-derived chemicals are key for the 21st century”, Gazovaya Promyshlennost, 
2003(3).  
 
Asakura, K., Iwasawa, Y., “Surface structure and catalysis for CO hydrogenation 
of the supported Ru species derived from the Ru3(CO)12 inorganic oxides”, 
Faraday Trans., 1990, pp. 2657-2662.  
 
Asami, K., Linghu, W., Li, X., Fujimoto, K., “Synthesis of High Quality Liquid 
Fuels By Supercritical Phase Fischer Tropsch Process”, SAE Technical Paper 
2003-01-1943, 2003. 
Assael, M. J., Dymond, J. H., Papadaki, M., “Viscosity coefficients of binary n-heptane+n-alkane 
mixtures”, Fluid Phase Equilibria, 75, 1992, pp. 287-297. 
Atkinson, C. M., Thompson, G. J., Traver, M. L., Clark, N. N., “In-Cylinder 
Combustion Pressure Characteristics of Fischer- Tropsch and Conventional Diesel 
Fuels in a Heavy-Duty CI Engine”, SAE Technical Paper 1999-01-1472, 1999. 
Audier, M., Bass, B., Coulon, M., Bonnetain, L., “Catalytic carbons as catalysts 
for methanation and Fischer-Tropsch synthesis”, Carbon, 22(2), 1984, pp. 
213-214. 
Audier, M., Coulon, M., Bonnetain, L., “Disproportionation of CO on iron-cobalt 
alloys—I : Thermodynamic study”, Carbon, 21(2), 1983, pp. 93-97. 
Audier, M., Coulon, M., Bonnetain, L., “Disproportionation of CO on iron-cobalt 
alloys—II : Kinetic study on iron-cobalt alloys of different compositions”, 
Carbon, 21(2), 1983, pp. 99-103  
 
Audier, M., Coulon, M., Bonnetain, L., “Disproportionation of CO on iron-cobalt 
alloys—III : Kinetic laws of the carbon growth and catalyst fragmentation”, 
Carbon, 21(2), 1983, pp. 105-110. 
Austin, L. G., “The thermodynamics of gasification and gas-synthesis reactions, 
N. V. Lavrov, V. V. Korobov, and V. I. Filippova, translated by G. H. Kinner, 
Pergamon Press, Macmillan Company, New York (1963). 116 pages”, AIChE J., 10(1), 
1964, p. 134. 
Aylmer, D., Rowe, M. W., “Effects of a strong external magnetic field on the 
reduction of cobalt and iron oxides: Confirmation”, J. Chem. Phys., 78(4), 1983, 
pp. 2094-2095. 
Bai, R., Tan, Y., Han, Y., “Hydrogenation of Carbon Dioxide to iso-Alkanes over 
Fe-Zn-Zr/Zeolite Composite Catalysts I. Effects of Zeolites on Catalytic 
Performance of the Catalysts”, Chinese J. Catal., 25(3), 2004, pp. 223-226. 
Baird, M. H. I., Davidson, J. F., “Gas absorption by large rising bubbles”, 
Chem. Eng. Sci., 17(2), 1962, pp. 87-93. 
Baird, M. H. I., Garstang, J. H., “Gas absorption in a pulsed bubble column”, 
Chem. Eng. Sci., 27(4), 1972, pp. 823-833. 
Baird, M. H. I., Nirdosh, I., “Low-Cost Experiments in Mass Transfer: Part 4. 
Measuring Axial Dispersion in a Bubble Column”, Chem. Eng. Education, 32(3), 
1998, p. 
Baker, F. S., Bradshaw, A. M., Pritchard, J., Sykes, K. W., “Infra-red spectra 
of carbon monoxide adsorbed on vacuum deposited metal films”, Surf. Sci., 12(3), 
1968, pp. 426-436  
 
Bakker, A., “Hydrodynamics and Scale-Up of Three-phase Reactors”, Thesis, Delft 
University of Technology, The Netherlands, 1987. 
Bakker, A., Haidari, A. H., Marshall, E. M., “Design reactors via CFD”, Chem. 
Eng. Prog., December, 2001, pp. 30-39. 
Bankoff, S. G., “Bubble radius distribution functions from resistivity probe 
measurements”, AIChE J., 10(5), 1964, pp. 776-792. 
Baranova, E. A., Fóti, G., Comninellis, C., “Promotion of Rh catalyst interfaced 
with TiO2”, Electrochem. Comm., 6(2), 2004, pp. 170-175. 
Bardi, U., Tiscione, P., Rovida, G., “Carbon monoxide dissociation on 
polycrystalline cobalt”, Appl. Surf. Sci., 27(3), 1986, pp. 299-317. 
Barteau, M. A., Feulner, P., Stengl, R., Broughton, J. Q., Menzel, D., 
“Formation of methyne intermediates by hydrogenation of surface carbon on 
Ru(001)”, J. Catal., 94(1), 1985,pp. 51-59. 
Basini, L., Aragno, A., “DRIFT and mass spectrometric experiments on the 
chemistry and catalytic properties of small Ir clusters at the surfaces of 
polycrystalline α-Al2O3”, Faraday Trans., 1994, pp. 787-795. 
Batley, G. E., Ekstrom, A., Johnson, D. A., “Studies of topochemical 
heterogeneous catalysis : 3. Catalysis of the reduction of metal oxides by 
hydrogen”, J. Catal., 34(3), 1974, pp. 368-375. 
Baussart, H., Delobel, R., Bras, M., Leroy, , J.-M., “Hydrogenation of CO2 over 
Co/Cu/K catalysts”, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1, 1987, pp. 1711-1718.  
 
Bayer, J., Stein, K. C., Hofer, L. J. E., Anderson, R. B., “Effect of 
preadsorbed sulfur compounds on chemisorption of CO and CO2 on iron catalysts”, 
J. Catal., 3(2), 1964, pp. 145-155. 
Beatrice, C., Bertoli, C., Giacomo, N. D., “The Influence of Fuel Formulations 
on Pollutant of a Light-Duty D.I. Diesel Engine”, SAE Technical Paper 961972, 
1996. 
Beatrice, C., Bertoli, C., Giacomo, N. D., Migliaccio, M., “Experimental 
Investigation on High-Quality Diesel Fuels Effects in a Light- Duty CR Diesel 
Engine”, SAE Technical Paper 2000-01-1911, 2000. 
Beck, J. S., Degnan, T. F., Kerby, M. C., Marler, D. O., “Advanced Catalyst 
Technology and Applications for Higher Quality Fuels and Lubes”, ACS Div. Fuel 
Chem. Prepr., 42(2), 2004, pp. 507-508. 
Begam, R., “Synthesis and reactions of O & lT bonded organometallic complexes 
and work ability of a Fischer-Tropsch reactor”, M. Ph. Thesis, Jahangirnagar 
University (Bangladesh), 1992.  
 
Behzadi, A., Issa, R. I., Rusche, H., “Modelling of dispersed bubble and droplet 
flow at high phase fractions”, Chem. Eng. Sci., 59(4), 2004, pp. 759-770. 
Belosludov, R., Kubota, T., Sakahara, S., Yajima, K., Takami, S., Kubo, M., 
Miyamoto, A., “Theoretical design of heterogenous catalysts by combinatorial 
computational chemistry approach: application to Fischer-Tropsch synthesis”, in 
“Proceedings of SPIE -- Volume 4281, Combinatorial and Composition Spread 
Techniques in Materials and Device Development II” (G, E. Jabbour, H, Koinuma, 
Eds.), 2001, pp. 87-96.  
 
Benziger, J. B., Larson, L. R., “An infrared spectroscopy study of the 
adsorption of CO on Fe/MgO”, J. Catal., 77(2), 1982, pp. 550-553. 
Bera, P., Malwadkar, S., Gayen, A., Satyanarayana, C. V. V., Rao, B. S., Hegde, 
M. S., “Low-Temperature Water Gas Shift Reaction on Combustion Synthesized 
Ce(1-x)PtxO(2-δ) Catalyst”, Catal. Lett., 96(2-3), 2004, p. 213.  
 
Berlowitz, P. J., Darnell, C. P., “Fuel Choices for Fuel Cell-Powered Vehicles”, 
SAE Technical Paper 2000-01-0003, 2000. 
Berry, F. J., Changhai, X., Jobson, S., “Titania-supported iron–ruthenium and 
iron–iridium catalysts. An in situ iron-57 Mössbauer spectroscopic study of the 
effects of pretreatment in hydrogen”, Faraday Trans., 1990, pp. 165-169. 
Berry, F. J., Liwu, L., Chengyu, W., Renyuan, T., Su, Z., Dongbai, L., “An in 
situ Mössbauer investigation of the influence of metal–support and metal–metal 
interactions on the activity and selectivity of iron–ruthenium catalysts”, J. 
Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1, 1985, pp. 2293-2305. 
Berry, F. J., Liwu, L., Hongzhang, D., Dongbai, L., Renyuan, T., Chengyu, W., 
Su, Z., “An in situ Mössbauer spectroscopic investigation of titania-supported 
iron–ruthenium catalysts”, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1, 1987, pp. 2573-2583. 
Berry, F. J., Smith, M. R., “A Mössbauer investigation of iron-containing 
catalysts prepared at low temperatures and active for carbon monoxide 
hydrogenation”, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1, 1989, pp. 467-477. 
Bertole, C. J., “Site-activity, active carbon coverage and methane selectivity 
of cobalt Fischer-Tropsch catalysts: Effects of catalyst composition and 
reaction conditions”, Ph.D. Thesis, University Of Toronto, 2002.  
 
Bertole, C. J., Kiss, G., Mims, C. A., “The effect of surface-active carbon on 
hydrocarbon selectivity in the cobalt-catalyzed Fischer-Tropsch synthesis”, J. 
Catal., 223(2), 2004, pp. 309-318. 
Bertoli, C., Beatrice, C., di Stasio, S., Giacomo, N. D., “In-Cylinder Soot and 
NOx Concentration Measurements in D.I. Diesel Engine Fed By Fuels of Varying 
Quality”, SAE Technical Paper 960832, 1996. 
Bertoli, C., Migliaccio, M., Beatrice, C., Giacomo, N. D., “Evaluation of 
Combustion Behavior and Pollutants Emission of Advanced Fuel Formulations By 
Single Cylinder Engine Experiments”, SAE Technical Paper 982492, 1998.  
 
Bhattacharya, S., “Internal Filtration System for Three-Phase Slurry Bubble 
Column”, M. E. Sc. Thesis, University of Western Ontario, 1999. 
Bhavaraju, S. M., Mashelkar, R. A., Blanch, H. W., “Bubble motion and mass 
transfer in non-Newtonian fluids: Part I. Single bubble in power law and Bingham 
fluids”, AIChE J., 24(6), 1978, pp. 1063-1070. 
Bhavaraju, S. M., Mashelkar, R. A., Blanch, H. W., “Bubble motion and mass 
transfer in non-Newtonian fluids: Part II. Swarm of bubbles in a power law 
fluid”, AIChE J., 24(6), 1978, pp. 1070-1076. 
Bi, Y., “Selective Production of C4 Hydrocarbons from Syngas Using Fe-Co on 
Zirconia and Sulfated Zirconia Catalysts”, M. Sc. Thesis, University of 
Saskatchewan, 1999.  
 
Bianchi, C. L., Ragaini, V., “Co/SiO2 for Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis: Comparison 
Among Different Preparation Methods”, Catal. Lett., 95(1-2), 2004, pp. 61-65. 
Bibby, D. M. (ed.), “ Methane conversion : proceedings of a symposium on the 
production of fuels and chemicals from natural gas, Auckland, April 27-30, 
1987”, Elsevier ; New York, NY, U.S.A, 1988.  
 
Bickford, E. S., Velu, S., Song, C., “Leaching Studies of a Highly Active Cu-Pd 
Bimetallic Catalyst Supported on Nanostructured CeO2 for Oxygen-Assisted 
Water-Gas Shift Reaction”, ACS Div. Fuel Chem. Prepr., 49(2), 2004, pp. 649-651. 
Bidmus, H. O., Mehrotra, A. K., “Heat-Transfer Analogy for Wax Deposition from 
Paraffinic Mixtures”, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 43(3), 2004, pp. 791-803. 
Bischoff, K. B., “Accuracy of the axial dispersion model for chemical reactors”, 
AIChE J., 14(5), 1968, pp. 820-821. 
Bjorklund, I. S., Dygert, J. C., “Small scale tests for attrition resistance of 
solids in slurry systems”, AIChE J., 14(4), 1968, pp. 553-557. 
Blackmond, D. G., Ko, E. I., “Carbon monoxide adsorption as a chemical probe of 
supported nickel catalysts: The role of carbonyl formation and support effects”, 
J. Catal., 95(1), 1985, pp.. 343-352. 
Blackmond, D. G., Ko, E. I., “Structural sensitivity of CO adsorption and H2/CO 
coadsorption on Ni/SiO2 catalysts”, J. Catal., 96(1), 1985, pp. 210-221. 
Blyholder, G., Lawless, M., “CO dissociation site on Fe”, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. 
Comm., 1990, pp. 632-634.  
 
Blyholder, G., Neff, L. D., “Infrared study of the adsorption of methanol, 
ethanol, ether, and water and the interaction of carbon monoxide and hydrogen on 
a nickel surface”, J. Catal., 2(2), 1963, pp. 138-144. 
Blyholder, G., Neff, L. D., “Infrared spectra of CO, CO2, O2, and H2O adsorbed 
on silica-supported iron”, J. Phys. Chem., 66, 1962, pp. 1464-1469. 
Blyholder, G., Neff, L. D., “Infrared study of the interaction of carbon 
monoxide and hydrogen on silica-supported iron”, J. Phys. Chem., 66, 1962, pp. 
1664-1667. 
Boehman, A. L., Szybist, J., Song, J., Zello, V., Alam, M., Miller, K., 
“Combustion Characterization of GTL Diesel Fuel”, ACS Div. Fuel Chem. Prepr., 
49(2), 2004, pp. 714-716. 
Boelhouwer, C., Hoolboom, M. A., Perquin, J. N. J., Waterman, H. I., “The 
catalytic destructive hydrogenation of paraffin wax”, Chem. Eng. Sci., 2(2), 
1953, pp. 69-73. 
Boerrigter, H., “'Green' diesel production with Fischer-Tropsch synthesis”, 
Energy Research Center of the Netherlands, report ECN BM: ECN-RX--03-014, 2003.
 
 
Boerrigter, H., Slort, D. J., Bodenstaff, H., Calis, H. P., “Gas cleaning for 
integrated Biomass Gasification (BG) and Fischer-Tropsch (FT) systems; 
experimental demonstration of two BG-FT systems”, Energy Research Center of the 
Netherlands, report ECN BM: ECN-RX--04-041, 2004.  
 
Boerrigter, H., Uil, H. den, Calis, H. P., “Green diesel from biomass by 
Fischer-Tropsch synthesis: new insights in gas cleaning and process design”, 
Energy Research Center of the Netherlands, report ECN BM: ECN-RX--03-047, 2003. 
Boerrigter, H., Drift, A. van der, “Liquid fuels from solid biomass: The ECN 
concept(s) for integrated FT-diesel production systems”, Energy Research Center 
of the Netherlands, report ECN BM: ECN-RX--03-060, 2003. 
Boerrigter, H., Zwart, R. W. R., “High efficient co-production of 
Fischer-Tropsch (FT) transportation fuels and Substitute Natural Gas (SNG) from 
biomass”, Energy Recent Center of the Netherlands, Report ECN BM: ECN-C--04-001, 
2004.  
 
Bogdányi, G., Zsoldos, Z., Peto, G., Guczi, L., “CO chemisorption on small 
cobalt particles deposited on Si(111)”, Surf. Sci., 306(3), 1994, pp. L563-L568. 
Botes, F. G., Bohringer, W., “The addition of HZSM-5 to the Fischer-Tropsch 
process for improved gasoline production”, Appl. Catal. A, 267(1-2), 2004, pp. 
217-225. 
Botti, J. J., Barnum, R. L., Miller, C. E., “Powertrains of the Future: Reducing 
the Impact of Transportation on the Environment”, SAE Technical Paper 
1999-01-0991, 1999. 
Boudart, M., Delbouille, A., Dumesic, J. A., Khammouma, S., Topsøe, H., 
“Surface, catalytic and magnetic properties of small iron particles : I. 
Preparation and characterization of samples”, J. Catal., 37(3), 1975, pp. 
486-502. 
Bourikas, K., Kordulis, C., Vakros, J., Lycourghiotis, A., “Adsorption of cobalt 
species on the interface, which is developed between aqueous solution and metal 
oxides used for the preparation of supported catalysts: a critical review”, Adv. 
Colloid Interface Sci., 110(3), 2004, pp. 97-120. 
Bouwman, R., Freriks, I. L. C., “In situ Fourier-transform infrared 
spectroscopic study of the interaction of CO with Ni/SiO2 in the absence and 
presence of H2 at 70–180°C”, Applic. Surf. Sci., 4(1), 1980, pp. 21-36. 
Bowonder, B., Kumar, R., “Studies in bubble formation - IV: bubble formation at 
porous discs”, Chem. Eng. Sci., 25(1), 1970, pp. 25-32. 
Bracey, J. D., Burch, R., “Enhanced activity of Pd/TiO2 catalysts for the CO/H2 
reaction in the absence of strong metal-support interactions (SMSI)”, J. Catal., 
86(2), 1984, pp. 384-391. 
Bremer, J., Kaihola, L., Keski-Kuha, R., “X-ray reflectivity of cobalt and 
titanium in the vicinity of the L2,3 absorption edges”, J. Phys. C, 13(11), 
1980, pp. 2225-2230. 
Briard, A.-J., Bouroukba, M., Dirand, M., “Estimation of the Enthalpy of 
Formation Multialkane Synthetic Mixtures: Measurement by Mixing Calorimetry and 
Modeling by the UNIQUAC Model”, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 49(4), 2004, pp. 899-906. 
Bridge, A. G., Lapidus, L., Elgin, J. C., “The mechanics of vertical gas-liquid 
fluidized system I: Countercurrent flow”, AIChE J., 10(6), 1964, pp. 819-826. 
Bridge, M. E., Prior, K. A., Lambert, R. M., “The effects of surface carbide 
formation on the adsorption-desorption kinetics of CO on smooth and stepped 
cobalt surfaces”, Surf. Sci., 97(1), 1980, pp. L325-L329. 
Bridgwater, A. V., Anders, M., “Economics of liquid fuels production by coal 
gasification”, Fuel, 70(10), 1991, pp. 1193-1207. 
Briens, C. L., Briens, L. A., Hay, J., Margaritis, A., “Application of Hurst 
analysis to the detection of minimum fluidization and gas maldistribution in 
gas-liquid-solid fluidized beds”, AIChE J., 43, 1997, pp. 1904-1908. 
Briens, C. L., Del Pozo, M., Chiu, K., Wild, G., “Modeling of particle-liquid 
heat and mass transfers in multiphase systems with the film-penetration model”, 
Chem. Eng. Sci. 48, 1993, pp. 973-979. 
Briens, C. L., Hudson, C., Briens, L. A., “Rapid Characterization of Flow 
Regimes in Multiphase Reactors through Fractal Dimension with an Embedding 
Dimension of Two”, Chem. Eng. J., 64, 1996, pp. 169-178. 
Briens, C. L., Margaritis, A., Wild, G., “A new stochastic model and errors in 
residence time distributions in multiphase reactors”, Chem. Eng. Sci., 50, 1995, 
pp. 279-287. 
Briens, L. A., Briens, C. L., Hay, J., Margaritis, A., “Minimum liquid 
fluidization velocity in gas-liquid-solid fluidized beds”, AIChE J., 43, 1997, 
pp. 1180-1189. 
Bromfield, T. C, Vosloo, A. C., “Recent advances in the development of 
Fischer-Tropsch catalysts at Sasol”, Macromolec. Symp., 193, 2003, pp. 29-34. 
Brossard, S., Lafosse, M., Dreux, M., “Analysis of synthetic mixtures of waxes 
by supercritical fluid chromatography with packed columns using evaporative 
light-scattering detection”, J. Chromat. A, 623(2), 1992, pp. 323-328. 
Brown, F. C., Kranich, W. L., “A model for the prediction of velocity and void 
fraction profiles in two-phase flow”, AIChE J., 14(5), 1968, pp. 750-758. 
Brown, R. W., Gomezplata, A., Price, J. D., “A model to predict void-fraction in 
two-phase flow”, Chem. Eng. Sci., 24(9), 1969, pp. 1483-1489. 
Brucat, P. J., Pettiette, C. L., Yang, S., Zheng, L.-S., Craycraft, M. J., 
Smalley, R. E., “Charge dependence of chemisorption patterns for transition 
metal clusters”, J. Chem. Phys., 85(8), 1986, pp. 4747-4748. 
Brüel, D., Holter, H., Linderstrøm-Lang, K., Rozits, K., “A micromethod for the 
determination of total nitrogen (accuracy 0.005 μg N)”, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 
1, 1947, pp. 101-125. 
Brumfield, L. K., Theofanous, T. G., “Turbulent mass transfer in jet flow and 
bubble flow: A reappraisal of levich's theory”, AIChE J., 22(3), 1976, pp. 
607-610. 
Buchholz, B. A., Mueller, C. J., Pitz, W. J., Westbrook, C. K., Upatnieks, A., 
Martin, G. C., “Using Carbon-14 Isotope Tracing to Investigate Molecular 
Structure Effects of the Oxygenate Dibutyl Maleate on Soot Emissions From a DI 
Diesel Engine”, SAE Technical Paper 2004-01-1849, 2004. 
Buchholz, B. A., Cheng, A. S., Dibble, R. W., Mueller, C. J., Martin, G. C., 
“Isotopic Tracing of Fuel Component Carbon in the Emissions From Diesel 
Engines”, SAE Technical Paper 2002-01-1942, 2002.  
 
Buckley, G. D., Ray, N. H., “High-pressure reactions of carbon monoxide. Part 
II. Reducing action”, J. Chem. Soc., 1949, pp. 1154-1156.  
 
Bukur, D. B., Carreto-Vazquez, V., Pham, H. N., Datye, A. K., “Attrition 
properties of precipitated iron Fischer-Tropsch catalysts”, Appl. Catal. A, 
266(1), 2004, pp. 41-48. 
Bukur, D. B., Lang, X., Ding, Y., "Effect of Pretreatment on Catalyst Activity 
and Selectivity during Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis in a Slurry Reactor", ACS Fuel 
Chem. Div. Prepr., 43(2), 1997, pp. 623-627. 
Bukur, D. B., Lang, X., Feng, Z., "Alpha-Olefin Selectivity during Conventional 
and Supercritical Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis", ACS Fuel Chem. Div. Prepr., 43(2), 
1997, pp. 632-636. 
Bukur, D. B., Lang, X., Mukesh, D., Zimmerman, W. H., Rosynek, M. P., Li, C., 
"Binder/Support Effects on the Activity and Selectivity of Iron Catalysts in the 
Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis," Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 29, 1990, pp. 1588-1599. 
Bukur, D. B., Lang X., Nowicki, L., “Effect of CaO Promotion on the Performance 
of a Precipitated Iron Fischer-Tropsch Catalyst”, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 136, 
2001, pp. 165-170. 
Bukur, D. B., Ma, W.-P., Carreto-Vazquez, V., Nowicki, L., Adeyiga, A. A., 
“Attrition Resistance and Catalytic Performance of Spray-Dried Iron 
Fischer-Tropsch Catalysts in a Stirred-Tank Slurry Reactor”, Ind. Eng. Chem. 
Res., 43(6), 2004, pp. 1359-1365. 
Bukur, D. B., Mukesh, D., Patel, S. A., "Promoter Effects on Precipitated Iron 
Catalysts for Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis", Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 29, 1990, pp. 
194-204. 
Bukur, D. B., Nowicki, L., “Kinetic Modeling of the Slurry Phase Fischer-Tropsch 
Synthesis on Iron Catalysts”, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 136, 2001, pp. 123-128. 
Bukur, D. B., Nowicki, L., Lang X., "Activity and Selectivity of Iron 
Fischer-Tropsch Catalysts in a Stirred Tank Slurry Reactor", Stud. Surf. Sci. 
Catal., 107, 1997, pp. 163-167. 
Bukur, D. B., Nowicki, L., Patel, S. A., "Activation Studies with an Iron 
Fischer-Tropsch Catalyst in Fixed Bed and Stirred Tank Slurry Reactors", 
Canadian J. Chem. Eng., 74 , 1996, pp. 399-404. 
Bukur, D. B., Patel, S. A., Lang, X., "Fixed Bed and Slurry Reactor Studies of 
Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis on Precipitated Iron Catalyst," Appl. Catal., 61, 
1990, pp. 329-349. 
Bukur, D. B., Zimmerman, W.H., "Modeling of Bubble Column Slurry Reactors with 
Multiple Reactions," AIChE J., 33, 1987, pp. 1197-1206. 
Burch, K. J., Whitehead, E. G., “Melting-Point Models of Alkanes”, J. Chem. Eng. 
Data., 49(4), 2004, pp. 858-863. 
Burch, R., Flambard, A. R., “Strong metal-support interactions in nickel/titania 
catalysts: The importance of interfacial phenomena”, J. Catal., 78(2), 1982, pp. 
389-405. 
Burghaus, U., “Monte Carlo Simulation of Adsorption Probabilities: The Case of 
CO/Disordered–Cu(110) and CO/O–Ir(110)”, Surf. Rev. Lett., 10(1), 2003, pp. 
7-12. 
Burton, J. J., Pugel, T. M., “Determination of the active site for CO adsorption 
on Ni (111)”, J. Catal., 47(3), 1977, pp. 280-283. 
Busca, G., Guidetti, R., Lorenzelli, V., “Fourier-transform infrared study of 
the surface properties of cobalt oxides”, Faraday Trans., 1990, pp. 989-994.  
 
Bustamante, F., Enick, R. M., Cugini, A. V., Killmeyer, R. P., Howard, B. H., 
Rothenberger, K. S., Ciocco, M. V., Morreale, B. D.; Chattopadhyay, S.; Shi, S., 
“High-Temperature Kinetics of the Homogeneous Reverse Water-Gas Shift Reaction”, 
AIChE J., 50(5), 2004, pp. 1028-1041. 
Cairns, E. J., Prausnitz, J. M., “Longitudinal mixing in fluidization”, AIChE 
J., 6(3), 1960, pp. 400-405. 
Cairns, J. A., Baglin, J. E. E., Clark, G. J., Ziegler, J. F., “Strong 
metal-support interactions for Pt and Rh on Al2O3 and TiO2: Application of 
nuclear backscattering spectrometry”, J. Catal., 83(2), 1983, pp. 301-314. 
Calderbank, P. H., Patra, R. P., “Mass transfer in the liquid phase during the 
formation of bubbles”, Chem. Eng. Sci., 21(8), 1966, pp. 719-721. 
Calemma, V., Peratello, S., Stroppa, F., Giardino, R., Perego, C., 
“Hydrocracking and Hydroisomerization of Long-Chain n-Paraffins. Reactivity and 
Reaction Pathway for Base Oil Formation”, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 43(4), 2004, pp. 
934-940. 
Cant, N. W., Donaldson, R. A., “Infrared spectral studies of reactions of carbon 
monoxide and oxygen on Pt/SiO2”, J. Catal., 71(2), 1981, pp. 320-330. 
Cantero, H. J., Grau, R. J., Baltanas, M. A., “Cocurrent turbulent tube reactor 
with multiple gas injections and recycle of slurry: A treatment in terms of 
green functions”, Computers Chem. Eng., 18(7), 1994, pp. 551-561. 
Cao, X., “Current status and prospects of the utilization of coal gasification 
technology in Sinopec”, Energy for Sustainable Development, 7(4), 2003, 9p. 
17-19. 
Carling, R. W., “Overview of Engine Combustion Research At Sandia National 
Laboratories”, SAE Technical Paper 1999-01-2246, 1999. 
Carter, E. A., “Finesse in Quantum Chemistry: Accurate Energetics Relevant for 
Reaction Mechanisms”, Ph. D. Thesis, Cal Tech, 1987. 
Cartner, A., Robinson, B., Gardner, P. J., “Heat of formation of dicobalt 
octacarbonyl and the metal–carbon monoxide bond strength in carbonyls”, J. Chem. 
Soc., Chem. Comm., 1973, pp. 317b-318. 
Casey, C. P., Neumann, S. M., “Mechanistic Studies Related to the Metal 
Catalyzed Reduction of Carbon Monoxide to Hydrocarbons”, in “Inorganic Compounds 
with Unusual Properties –II”, Advances in Chemistry Series, No. 173, ACS, 
Washington, D. C., 1979, Chapter 12.  
 
Cattania, M. G., Gervasini, A., Morazzoni, F., Scotti, R., Strumolo, D., 
“Interaction of carbon monoxide with Ru/γ-Al2O3. An electron spin resonance 
investigation”, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1, 1987, pp. 3619-3626. 
Ceriotti, A., Martinengo, S., Zanderighi, L., Tonelli, C., Iannibello, A., 
Girelli, A., “Use of supported rhodium and cobalt carbonyls as catalysts for the 
CO+H2 reaction. Effect of the support and the metal”, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday 
Trans. 1, 1984, pp. 1605-1616.  
 
Chado, I., Goyhenex, C., Bulou, H., Bucher, J. P., “Evolution of the morphology 
of small Co clusters grown on Au(111)”, Appl. Surf. Sci., 226(1-3), 2004, pp. 
178-184. 
Chai, G.-Y., Falconer, J. L., “Alkali promoters on supported nickel: Effect of 
support, preparation, and alkali concentration”, J. Catal., 93(1), 1985, pp. 
152-160. 
Chalk, S. G., Wagner, F. W., Hale, H. J., “Advanced Power Sources for a New 
Generation of Vehicles”, SAE Technical Paper 2000-01-1528, 2000. 
Chanenchuk, C. A., “Catalyst Systems For The Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis”, Ph.D. 
Thesis, Massachusetts Institute Of Technology, 1992.  
 
Chang, C. D., Miale, J. N., Socha, R. F., “Syngas conversion to ethane over 
metal-zeolite catalysts”, J. Catal., 90(1), 1984, pp. 84-87. 
Chen, C., Fan, L.-S., “Discrete Simulation of Gas-Liquid Bubble Columns and 
Gas-Liquid-Solid Fluidized Beds”, AIChE J., 50(2), 2004, pp. 288-301. 
Chen, H., “A study of a Co-Mo bimetallic catalyst system for Fischer-Tropsch 
synthesis”, Ph.D. Thesis, University Of New South Wales, 1995. 
Chen, T., Charlan, G. B., “High coercivity and high hysteresis loop squareness 
of sputtered Co-Re thin film”, J. Appl. Phys., 50(6), 1979, pp. 4285-4291. 
Chen, W., Tsutsumi, A., Otawara, K., Shigaki, Y., “Local Bubble Dynamics and 
Macroscopic Flow Structure in Bubble Columns with Different Scales”, Canadian J. 
Chem. Eng., 81(6), 2003, pp. 1139-1148. 
Chen, W., Tsutsumi, A., Shigaki, Y., Otawara, K., “Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis of 
the Local Heat Transfer Rate in Three-Phase Reactors”, Internat. J. Chem. 
Reactor Eng., 2, 2004, p. A8. 
Chen, Y., Chen, Y., Gong, M., Zhou, J., Zhang, Y., Xin, Q., Ying, P., Guo, X., 
“A Study of Interaction of CO and Chemisorbed H on Linear Sites and Bridged 
Sites”, Chinese J. Molec. Catal., 7(4), 1993, p. 292. 
Chen, Y., Chen, Y., Zhang, Y., Xin, Q., Ying, P., Guo, X., “Effect of H2 
adsorption on CO-adspecies over Rh4/Al2O3”, Chinese J. Catal., 12(5), 1991, p. 
333. 
Chen, Y., Gong, M., Cao, Z., Zhou, J., Chen, Y., Xin, Q., Zhang, H., Guo, X., 
“Study of Rh-Co bimetal catalysts II: Dynamic behavior of the chemisorbed CO and 
CO disproportionation on Rh+Co/Al2O3”, Acta Chim. Sinica 54, 1996, p. 661. 
Chen, Y., Gong, M., Cao, Z., Zhou, J., Chen, Y., Xin, Q., Zhang, H., Guo, X., 
“Study of Rh-Co bimetal catalysts III: Surface carbonyl hydride and their 
dynamic behaviour on Rh+Co/Al2O3”, Acta Chim. Sinica, 55, 1997, p. 632. 
Chen, Y., Gong, M., Cao, Z., Zhou, J., Chen, Y., Xin, Q., Zhang, H., Guo, X., 
“Study of Rh-Co bimetal catalysts IV: Form and properties of adsorption sites on 
Rh2Co2/ Al2O3”, Acta Chim. Sinica, 55, 1997, p. 638. 
Chen, Y., Zhang, Y., Chen, Y., Xin, Q., Ying, P., Guo, X., “Effect of 
dispersion, CO-coverage and surface carbon on adsorption types of CO over 
Rh4/Al2O3”, Chinese J. Catal.. 12(1), 1991, p. 1. 
Cheng, A. S., Dibble, R. W., “Emissions From a Cummins B5.9 Diesel Engine Fueled 
With Oxygenate-In-Diesel Blends”, SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-2505, 2001. 
Chickos, J. S., Hanshaw, W., “Vapor Pressures and Vaporization Enthalpies of the 
n-Alkanes from C31 to C38 at T = 298.15 K by Correlation Gas Chromatography”, J. 
Chem. Eng. Data, 49(3), 2004, pp. 620-630. 
Chidambaram, M., “Transient behaviour of particles in flow bubble column slurry 
reactors”, Computers Chem. Eng., 10(2), 1986, pp. 115-118. 
Chou, M. Y., Chelikowsky, J. R., “First-principles study of hydrogen adsorption 
on Ru(0001): Possible occupation of subsurface sites”, Phys. Rev. Lett., 59, 
1987, pp. 1737-1740. 
Christensen, C. H., Schmidt, I., Christensen, C. H., “Improved performance of 
mesoporous zeolite single crystals in catalytic cracking and isomerization of 
n-hexadecane”, Catal. Comm., 5(9), 2004, pp. 543-546. 
Chu, W., Kiennemann, A., Kieffer, R., Xiong, G., “Synthesis of higher alcohols 
on Co-Cu-Y based catalysts”, J. Nat. Gas Chem., 4, 1993, pp. 
Chu, W., Xiong, G., Chen, H., Guo, X., “The XPS study of Cu-Co based catalysts 
for syngas conversion to alcohol”, Chinese Chem. Lett., 4(11), 1993, pp. 
1031-1032. 
Chuang, S. C., Goodwin, Jr., J. G., Wender, I., “Investigation by ethylene 
addition of alkali promotion of CO hydrogenation on Rh/TiO2”, J. Catal., 92(2), 
1985, pp. 416-421. 
Chuang, S. C., Goodwin, Jr., J. G., Wender, I., “The effect of alkali promotion 
on CO hydrogenation over Rh/TiO2”, J. Catal., 85(2), 1985, pp. 435-446. 
Chuang, S. C., Tian, Y. H., Goodwin, Jr., J. G., Wender, I., “The use of probe 
molecules in the study of CO hydrogenation over SiO2-supported Ni, Ru, Rh, and 
Pd”, J. Catal., 96(2), 1985, pp. 396-407. 
Chubb, S. R., Pickett, W. E., “First-principles study of the electronic and 
magnetic structure of c(2 x 2) sulfur chemisorbed above Fe(001)”, Phys. Rev. B, 
38, 1988, pp. 10227-10243. 
Chubb, S. R., Pickett, W. E., “Sulfur-induced occupation of Delta -bar Fe 
minority surface states in c(2 x 2) S/Fe(001)”, Phys. Rev. B, 38, 1988, pp. 
12700-12703. 
Chudek, J. A., McQuire, M. W., McQuire, G. W., Rochester, C. H., “In situ FTIR 
study of CO–H2 reactions over Rh/TiO2 catalysts at high pressure and 
temperature”, Faraday Trans., 1994, pp. 3699-3709.  
 
Ciobica, I. M., Kleyn, A. W., van Santen R.A., “Adsorption and coadsorption of 
CO and H on Ruthenium surfaces”, J. Phys. Chem. B., 107(1), 2003, pp. 164-172. 
Claeys, M., Cowan, R., Schulz, H., “Temporal Changes of Fischer-Tropsch Activity 
and Selectivity Using Ruthenium”, Top. Catal., 26(1-4), 2003, p. 139.  
 
Claeys, M., Schulz, H., “Effects of internal mass transfer on activity and 
selectivity in iron based Fischer-Tropsch synthesis”, ACS Div. Petrol. Chem. 
Prepr., 49(2), 2004, pp. 195-199. 
Clark, N., “On-Road Use of Fischer-Tropsch Diesel Blends”, SAE Technical Paper 
1999-01-2251, 1999. 
Clark, N., Atkinson, C., Thompson, G. T., Nine, R. D., “Transient Emissions 
Comparisons of Alternative Compression- Ignition Fuels”, SAE Technical Paper 
1999-01-1117, 1999. 
Clark, N., Daley, J. J., Nine, R. D., Atkinson, C. M., “Application of the New 
City-Suburban Heavy Vehicle Route (CSHVR) to Truck Emissions Characterization”, 
SAE Technical Paper 1999-01-1467, 1999. 
Clark, N. N., Gautam, M., Boyce, J., Lyons, D. W., Vertin, K., LeTavec, C. A., 
“Class 8 Trucks Operating on Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel With Particulate Filter 
Systems: Regulated Emissions”, SAE Technical Paper 2000-01-2815, 2000. 
Clarke, S. C., Ghaemmaghami, B., “Engineering A Gas-to-Liquids Project - Taking 
GTL Forward”, Chem. Eng. World, 39(5), 2004, p. 44. 
Collis, F. P., Schwarz, J. A., “Selectivity Effects and Hydrocarbon-chain Growth 
During Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis”, J. Comp. Chem., April, 1982. 
Conley, J. J., Taylor, S. P., Atkinson, C., Toth-Nagy, C., Smith, J. B., Waters, 
R. P., Clay, B. C., “The Development of a Fourth-Generation Hybrid Electric 
Vehicle At West Virginia Univ.”, SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-0682, 2001.  
 
Conrad, H., Ertl, G., Latta, E. E., “Coadsorption of hydrogen and carbon 
monoxide on a Pd (110) surface”, J. Catal., 35(3), 1974, pp. 363-368. 
Cookson, D. J., Smith, B. E., “Determination of the structures and abundances of 
alkanes and olefins in Fischer-Tropsch products using 13C and 1H NMR methods”, 
Fuel, 68(6), 1989, pp. 776-781. 
Cornils, B., Herrmann, W. A., Rasch, M., “Otto Roelen, Pioneer in Industrial 
Homogeneous Catalysis”, Angewandte Chemie, 33(21), 1994, pp. 2144-2163. 
Coutinho, J. A. P., “Predictive local composition models: NRTL and UNIQUAC and 
their application to model solid–liquid equilibrium of n-alkanes”, Fluid Phase 
Equilibria, 158-160, 1999, pp. 447-457. 
Coutinho, J. A. P., Andersen, S. I., Stenby, E. H., “Evaluation of activity 
coefficient models in prediction of alkane solid-liquid equilibria”, Fluid Phase 
Equilibria, 103(1), 1995, pp. 23-39. 
Coutinho, J. A. P., Andersen, S. I., Stenby, E. H., “Solid-liquid equilibrium of 
n-alkanes using the chain delta lattice parameter model”, Fluid Phase 
Equilibria, 117(1-2), 1996, pp. 138-145. 
Crabtree, J. R., Bridgwater, J., “Chain bubbling in viscous liquids”, Chem. Eng. 
Sci., 24(12), 1969, pp. 1755-1768. 
Crabtree, J. R., Bridgwater, J., “Bubble coalescence in viscous liquids”, Chem. 
Eng. Sci., 26(6), 1971, pp. 839-851. 
Cracknell, R., Kramer, G. J., Vos, E., “Designing Fuels Compatible With 
Reformers and Internal Combustion Engines”, SAE Technical Paper 2004-01-1926, 
2004. 
Cui, Z., Fan, L. S. “Turbulence energy distributions in bubbling gas-liquid and 
gas-liquid-solid flow systems”, Chem. Eng. Sci., 59(8-9), 2004, pp. 1755-1766. 
Cunningham, J., Cullinane, D., Sanz, J., Rojo, J. M., Soria, X. A., Fierro, J. 
L. G., “Effects of prereduction at moderate temperatures on Rh/CeO2 on the 
interactions of D2, H2 and CO with Rh/CeO2”, Faraday Trans., 1992, pp. 
3233-3240.  
 
Dalai, A. K., “Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis In A Tube-Wall Reactor Using Cobalt, 
Iron And Cobalt-Iron Bimetallic Catalysts: Experimental And Modelling Studies”, 
Ph.D. Thesis, The University Of Saskatchewan, 1989. 
Dall'Agnol, C., Gervasini, A., Morazzoni, F., Pinna, F., Strukul. G., 
Zanderighi, L., “Hydrogenation of carbon monoxide: Evidence of a strong 
metal-support interaction in Rh/ZrO2 catalysts”, J. Catal., 96(1), 1985, pp. 
106-114. 
Dalla Betta, R. A., “Measurement of ruthenium metal surface area by 
chemisorption”, J. Catal., 34(1), 1974, pp. 57-60. 
Dalla Betta, R. A., Shelef, M., “Heterogeneous methanation: Absence of H2-D2 
kinetic isotope effect on Ni, Ru and Pt”, J. Catal., 49(3), 1977, pp. 383-385. 
Damm, C. J., Cheng, A. S., Dibble, R. W., Lucas, D., Sawyer, R. F., Koshland, C. 
P., “Particulate Matter Emissions Monitoring from a Compression-Ignition Engine 
Fueled with Low Sulfur Diesel, Oxygenate-in-Diesel Blends, and Fischer-Tropsch 
Diesel,” in “Proceedings of the Third Joint Meeting of the U.S. Sections of The 
Combustion Institute”, Chicago, IL, March 16-19, 2003.  
 
Dancuart, L., Steynberg, A., “Fischer-Tropsch based GTL technology: a new 
process?”, ACS Div. Petrol. Chem. Prepr., 49(2), 2004, p. 156.  
 
Dang, V.-D.,Steinberg, M., “Mass transfer from swarms of bubbles or drops with 
chemical reactions in continuous phase”, AIChE J., 22(5), 1976, pp. 925-927. 
Das, P. C., Pradhan, N. C., Dalai, A. K., Bakhshi, N. N., “Carbon monoxide 
hydrogenation over various titania-supported Ru-Ni bimetallic catalysts”, Fuel 
Proc. Tech., 85(13), 2004, pp. 1487-1501. 
Das, T. K., Conner, W., Jacobs, G., Zhan, X., Li, J., Dry, M. E., Davis, B. H., 
“Kinetics of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis on Co/Al2O3 catalyst”, ACS Div. Petro. 
Chem. Prepr., 49(2), 2004, pp. 161-164. 
Dauphin, C., Daridon, J. L., Coutinho, J., Baylère, P., Potin-Gautier, M., “Wax 
content measurements in partially frozen paraffinic systems”, Fluid Phase 
Equilibria, 161(1), 1999, pp. 135-151. 
Davidson, L., Amick Jr., E. H., “Formation of gas bubbles at horizontal 
orifices”, AIChE J., 2(3), 1956, pp. 337-342. 
Davis, R. L., Kizer, T. L., “Energy Management in Daimlerchryslers PNGV Concept 
Vehicle”, SAE Technical Paper 2000-01-C062, 2000. 
de Deugd, R. M., Kapteijn, F., Moulijn, J. A., “Trends in Fischer-Tropsch 
Reactor Technology-Opportunities for Structured Reactors”, Top. Catal., 26(1-4), 
2003, p. 29. 
De Nevers, N., “The energy balance for a bubble column or a gas lift”, AIChE J., 
13(2), 1967, pp. 387-389. 
De Nevers, N., “Bubble driven fluid circulations”, AIChE J., 14(2), 1968, pp. 
222-226. 
de Nevers, N., Wu, J.-L., “Bubble coalescence in viscous fluids”, AIChE J., 
17(1), 1971, pp. 182-186. 
de Werbier d'Antigneul, P., Sharma, M. P., Blanchard, M., Canesson, P., 
“Synthesis of hydrocarbons from methanol on cobalt catalysts: a tracer study”, 
J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Comm., 1986, pp. 1615-1616. 
Deen, N. G., van Sint Annaland, M., Kuipers, J. A. M., “Multi-scale modeling of 
dispersed gas-liquid two-phase flow”, Chem. Eng. Sci., 59(8-9), 2004, pp. 
1853-1861. 
Delk, II, F. S., Vavere, A., “Anomalous metal-support interactions in Cu/TiO2 
catalysts”, J. Catal., 85(2), 1984, pp. 380-388. 
Della Gatta, G., Fubini, B., Ghiotti, G., Morterra, C., “The chemisorption of 
carbon monoxide on various transition aluminas”, J. Catal., 43(1-3), 1976, pp. 
90-98. 
Demmin, R. A., Gorte, R. J., “The effect of niobia on the methanation activity 
of a Pt foil”, J. Catal., 98(2), 1986, pp. 577-580. 
Dempster, N. M., Shore, P. R., “An Investigation Into the Production of 
Hydrocarbon Emissions From a Gasoline Engine Tested on Chemically Defined 
Fuels”, SAE paper 900354, 1990. 
Desantes, J. M., Arregle, J., Molina, S. A., Lejeune, M., “Influence of the EGR 
Rate, Oxygen Concentration and Equivalent Fuel/Air Ratio on the Combustion 
Behavior and Pollutant Emissions of a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine”, SAE Technical 
Paper 2000-01-1813, 2000. 
DeVore, J. A., Fanick, E. R., “Impact of Ultra-Clean Fischer-Tropsch Diesel Fuel 
on Emissions in a Light-Duty Passenger Car Diesel Engine”, SAE Technical Paper 
2002-01-2725, 2002. 
Dhingra, R., Das, S., Overly, J., Davis, G. A., “A Life-Cycle-Based 
Environmental Evaluation: Materials in New Generation Vehicles”, SAE Technical 
Paper 2000-01-0595, 2000. 
Dhotre, M. T., Ekambara, K., Joshi, J. B., “CFD simulation of sparger design and 
height to diameter ratio on gas hold-up profiles in bubble column reactors”, 
Exp. Thermal Fluid Sci., 28(5), 2004, pp. 407-421. 
Dhotre, M. T., Joshi, J. B., “Two-dimensional CFD Model for the Prediction of 
Flow Pattern, Pressure Drop and Heat Transfer Coefficient in Bubble Column 
Reactors”, Chem. Eng. Res. Des., 82(6), 2004, pp. 689-707. 
Diboun, M., Schügerl, K., “Eine blasensäule mit Gleichstrom von Wasser und Luft 
II—Mischungvorgänge in der Flüssigkeitsphase”, Chem. Eng. Sci., 22(2), 1967, pp. 
161-169. 
Ding, Y., Liang, D., Lin, L., Li, C., Xin, Q., “Investigation on CO Adsorption 
over Supported Ruthenium Catalyst”, Chinese J. Molec. Catal., 7(2), 1993, p. 97. 
Dobbs, H. H., Villahermosa, L. A., Stavinoha, L. L., Heywood, J. B., 
“Alternative Fuels: Gas to Liquids as Potential 21st Century Truck Fuels”, SAE 
Technical Paper 2000-01-3422, 2000. 
Doering, D. L., Dickinson, J. T., Poppa, H., “UHV studies of the interaction of 
CO with small supported metal particles, Ni/Mica”, J. Catal., 73(1), 1982, pp. 
91-103. 
Doering, D. L., Poppa, H., Dickinson, J. T., “UHV studies of the interaction of 
CO with small supported metal particles, Pd/Mica”, J. Catal., 73(1), 1982, pp. 
104-119. 
Doi, Y., Miyake, H., Yokota, A., Soga, K., “Selective synthesis of light olefins 
from CO and H2 with Na[Ru3H(CO)11] supported on metal oxides”, J. Catal., 95(1), 
1985, pp. 293-295. 
Dollimore, J., Harrison, B. H., “Energetic nature of catalyst surfaces : I. 
Supported cobalt on rutile”, J. Catal., 28(2), 1973, pp. 275-281.  
 
Donnelly, T. J., “Product Distributions Of The Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis”, Ph.D. 
Thesis, Massachusetts Institute Of Technology, 1989 
 
Donnet, D. M., Krishnan, K. M., Yajima, Y., “Domain structures in epitaxially 
grown cobalt thin films”, J. Phys. D, 28(9), 1995, pp. 1942-1950. 
Drift, A. van der, Ree, R. van, Boerrigter, H., Hemmes, K., “Bio-syngas: key 
intermediate for large scale production of green fuels and chemicals”, Energy 
Research Center of the Netherlands, report ECN BM: ECN-RX--04-048, 2004. 
Dry, M. E., Shingles, T., Boshoff, L. J., van H. Botha, C. S., “Factors 
influencing the formation of carbon on iron Fischer-Tropsch catalysts : II. The 
effect of temperature and of gases and vapors present during Fischer-Tropsch 
synthesis”, J. Catal., 17(3), 1970, pp. 347-354. 
Dukler, A. E., “Measurement of Two Phase Flow Parameters, by G. F. Hewitt, 
Academic Press, Dec. 1978, 287 pages”, AIChE J., 25(5), 1979, pp. 907-908. 
Dukler, A. E., Wicks III, M., Cleveland, R. G., “Frictional pressure drop in 
two-phase flow: A. A comparison of existing correlations for pressure loss and 
holdup”, AIChE J., 10(1), 1964, pp. 38-43. 
Dukler, A. E., Wicks III, M., Cleveland, R. G., “Frictional pressure drop in 
two-phase flow: B. An approach through similarity analysis”, AIChE J., 10(1), 
1964, pp. 44-51. 
Dumesic, J. A., “Gas-liquid-solid reactor design : By Y. T. Shah. McGraw-Hill, 
New York, 1979. $44.00”, J. Catal., 62(1), 1980, p. 191. 
Dumesic, J. A., Lund, Carl R. F., “Strong Oxide-Oxide Interactions in Silica 
Supported Magnetite Catalysts”, J. Phys. Chem., 85 1981, pp. 3175-3180.  
 
Dun, J. W., Ng, K. Y. S., Gulari, E., “The Effect of Pretreatment Conditions of 
the FTS Activity and Selectivity of Charcoal and Titania Supported Molybdena 
Catalysts,” Chem. Eng. Comm., 48, 1986, pp. 165-175. 
Duncan, T. M., Winslow, P., Bell, A. T., “The characterization of carbonaceous 
species on ruthenium catalysts with 13C nuclear magnetic resonance 
spectroscopy”, J. Catal., 93(1), 1985, pp. 1-22. 
Dunn, B. C., Cole, P., Turpin, G. C., Ma, Z., Pugmire, R. J., Ernst, R. D., 
Eyring, E. M., Shah, N., Huffman, G. P., “Silica Aerogel Supported Catalysts for 
Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis”, ACS Div. Fuel Chem., Prepr., 49(1), 2004, p. 329. 
Durbin, T., Collins, J. F., Norbeck, J. M., Smith, M. R., “The Effects of 
Biodiesel, Biodiesel Blends, and Fischer-Tropsch Diesel on Emissions from Light 
Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles”, Environmental Sci. Tech., 34, 2000, p. 349. 
Durbin, T., Zhu, X., Norbeck, J. M., “The Effects of Diesel Particulate Filters 
and a Low-Aromatic, Low-Sulfur Diesel Fuel on Emissions for Medium-duty Diesel 
Trucks”, Atmospheric Environment, 37, 2003, pp. 2105-2116. 
Dzakowic, E. B., Dix, R. C., “A rapid response impact tube in two-phase flow”, 
AIChE J., 15(3), 1969, p. 466. 
Dziembaj, R., Łojewska, J., Łojewski, T., “Deactivation of preoxidized cobalt 
foil studied by CO2 pulse hydrogenation”, React. Kinet. Catal. Lett., 52, 1994, 
pp. 445-451. 
Dziubinski, M., Fidos, H., Sosno, M., “The flow pattern map of a two-phase 
non-Newtonian liquid-gas flow in the vertical pipe”, International J. Multiphase 
Flow, 30(6), 2004, pp. 551-563. 
Easley, W., Mellor, A. M., Gardner, T. P., “Flame Temperature Correlation of 
Emissions From Diesels Operated on Alternative Fuels”, SAE Technical Paper 
2001-01-2014, 2001. 
Eastham, D. A., Kirkman, I. W., “Highly enhanced orbital magnetism on cobalt 
cluster surfaces”, J. Phys. Condens. Matter, 12(31), 2000, pp. L525-L532. 
Eberhardt, J. J., “Overview of the DOE Heavy Vehicle Technologies R&D Program”, 
SAE Technical Paper 1999-01-2235, 1999. 
Eckenfelder Jr., W. W., Barnhart, E. L., “The effect of organic substances on 
the transfer of oxygen from air bubbles in water”, AIChE J., 7(4), 1961, pp. 
631-634. 
Eder, M., Terakura, K., Hafner, J., “Initial stages of oxidation of (100) and 
(110) surfaces of iron caused by water”, Phys. Rev. B, 64, 2001, p. 115426. 
Elbashir, N. O., Roberts, C. B., “Reaction pathway and kinetic modeling of 
Fischer-Tropsch synthesis over an alumina supported cobalt catalyst in 
supercritical-hexane”, ACS Div. Petrol. Chem. Prepr., 49(2), 2004, pp. 157-160. 
El Haskouri, J., Cabrera, S., Guillem, C., Latorre, J., Beltrán, A., Marcos, M. 
D., Gómez-García, C. J., Beltrán, D., Amorós, P., “One-Pot Synthesis of 
Superparamagnetic CoO-MCM-41 Nanocomposites with Uniform and Highly Dispersed 
Magnetic Nanoclusters”, European J. Inorg. Chem., 2004(9), pp. 1799-1803. 
Ellid, M. S., “Moessbauer Study of Supported Iron and Manganese Catalysts”, Ph. 
D. Thesis, West Virginia University, 1985, 
 
Emmetts, P. H., “Hydrocarbon synthesis from carbon monoxide and hydrogen : Edwin 
L. Kugler and F. W. Steffgen, Advances in Chemistry Series, American Chemical 
Society, Washington, D. C., 1979”, J. Catal., 62(1), 1980, pp. 193-194. 
Enache, D. I., Roy-Auberger, M., Revel, R., “Differences in the characteristics 
and catalytic properties of cobalt-based Fischer–Tropsch catalysts supported on 
zirconia and alumina”, Appl. Catal. A, 268(1-2), 2004, pp. 51-60. 
Erdemir, A., Kavich, J., Woodford, J., Ajayi, L., Fenske, G. R., 
“Superlow-Friction Carbon Films for Fuel System Components Operating in Low- 
Sulfur Diesel Fuels”, SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-3524, 2001. 
Erdemir, A., Ozturk, O., Alzoubi, M. F., Woodford, J., Fenske, G. R., 
“Near-Frictionless Carbon Coatings for Use in Fuel Injectors and Pump Systems 
Operating With Low-Sulfur Diesel Fuels”, SAE Technical Paper 2000-01-0518, 2000. 
Erdmann, K., Deppe, P., Rosenberg, M., Buschow, K. H. J., “NMR and Mössbauer 
study of R2TM14B with R=Y, La, Th, and TM=Fe, Co”, J. Appl. Phys., 61(8), 1987, 
pp. 4340-4342. 
Ernst, W. D., Ho, D. L., Podolski, W., “Fuel-Flexible Automotive Fuel Cell Power 
System”, SAE Technical Paper 2000-01-1530, 2000. 
Erzheng, B., “Economics and Prospects of FT Synfuels”, Chem. Ind. Eng. Prog., 
23(4), 2004, pp. 370-374. 
Eslami, H., “Equation of state for long-chain n-alkanes”, Fluid Phase 
Equilibria, 169(1), 2000, pp. 19-30. 
Espinoza, R. L., Snel, R., “Control of the probability of chain growth in the 
catalytic hydrogenation of carbon monoxide on an iron catalyst”, J. Chem. Soc., 
Chem. Comm., 1986, pp. 1796-1797. 
Evans, J., “Meldola Medal Lecture. The relationship between metal carbonyl 
clusters and supported metal catalysts”, Chem. Soc. Rev., 1981, pp. 159-180.  
 
Eze, F. C., “Electroless deposition of CoO thin films”, J. Phys. D, 32(5), 1999, 
pp. 533-540. 
Fan, L. T., Chen, G. K. C., Erickson, L. E., “Efficiency and utility of 
collocation methods in solving the performance equations of flow chemical 
reactors with axial dispersion”, Chem. Eng. Sci., 26(3), 1971, pp. 378-387. 
Fanick, E. R., Schubert, P. F., Russell, B. J., Tomlinson, H. L., Freerks, R. 
L., “Comparison of Emission Characteristics of Conventional, Hydrotreated, and 
Fischer-Tropsch Diesel Fuels in a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine”, SAE Technical Paper 
2001-01-3519, 2001. 
Fedou, S., “Gas-to-liquids par Fischer-Tropsch : procédés, rentabilité, 
perspectives”, Pét. Tech., 449, 2004, pp. 76-79.  
 
Ferkul, H. E., Stanton, D. J., McCowan, D., McCowan, J. D., Baird, M. C., 
“Carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide methanation by supported ruthenium 
catalysts”, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Comm., 1982, pp. 955-956. 
Fernando, G. W., Wilkins, J. W., “Linearized augmented-plane-wave study of 
chemisorption of sulfur on Fe(001)”, Phys. Rev. B, 33, 1986, pp. 3709-3716. 
Ferretti, E. J., “Coal liquefaction gains prominence”, Coal Mining Proc., 13, 
1976, p. 64. 
Fischer, T. E., Kelemen, S. R., Polizzotti, R. S., “The electronic effect in 
alloy chemisorption: CO and H2 studies on nickel titanium alloys”, J. Catal., 
69(2), pp. 345-358. 
Foelske, A., Kunze, J., Strehblow, H. H., “Initial stages of hydroxide formation 
and its reduction on Co(0001) studied by in situ STM and XPS in 0.1 M NaOH”, 
Surf. Sci., 554(1), 2004, pp. 10-24. 
Font Freide, J. J. H. M., Gamlin, T. D., Graham, C., Hensman, J. R., Nay, B., 
Sharp, C., “An Adventure in Catalysis: The Story of the BP Fischer–Tropsch 
Catalyst from Laboratory to Full-Scale Demonstration in Alaska”, Top. Catal., 
26(1-4), 2003, p. 3.  
 
Fournier, J. A., “Characterization Of Some Iron Catalysts For The Reduction Of 
Carbon Monoxide And The Effect Of Residence Time And Temperature On The Nature 
Of Carbon Monoxide Reduction Products”, Ph.D. Thesis, Brown University, 1986.
 
 
Frailey, M. R., Norton, P., “An Evaluation of Natural Gas Versus Diesel in 
Medium-Duty Buses”, SAE Technical Paper 2000-01-2822, 2000. 
Frait, Z., “Ferromagnetic resonance of single crystal hexagonal close packed 
cobalt”, Br. J. Appl. Phys., 15(8), 1964, pp. 993-997. 
Frank, B. P., Tang, S., Lanni, T., Rideout, G., Beregszaszy, C. A., Meyer, N., 
“A Study of the Effects of Fuel Type and Emission Control Systems on Regulated 
Gaseous Emissions From Heavy-Duty Diesel Engines”, SAE Technical Paper 
2004-01-1085, 2004. 
Fredriksen, G. R., Blekkan, E. A., Schanke, D., Holmen, A., “CO Hydrogenation on 
Supported Cobalt Catalysts Studied by in situ FTIR-Spectroscopy”, Ber. 
Bunsenges. Phys. Chem., 97(3) , 1993 p. 308. 
Freund, F., Staple, A., Scoville, J., “Organic protomolecule assembly in igneous 
minerals”, PNAS, 98(5), 2001, pp. 2142-2147. 
Freund, H.-J., Libuda, J., Baumer, M., Risse, T., Carlsson., A., “Cluster, 
facets, and edges: Site-dependent selective chemistry on model catalysts”, Chem. 
Record, 3(3), 2003, pp. 181-201. 
Fujimoto, K., “Synthetic Fuels from Synthesis Gas Activities in Japan”, ACS Div. 
Fuel Chem. Prepr., 49(2), 2004, pp. 700-701. 
Fujimoto, K., Saima, H., Tominaga, H., “Synthesis gas conversion utilizing mixed 
catalyst composed of CO reducing catalyst and solid acid : IV. Selective 
synthesis of C2, C3, and C4 paraffins from synthesis gas”, J. Catal., 94(1), 
1985, pp. 16-23. 
Fujimoto, K.-I., Suzuki, K., Kageyama, M., Ohnishi, Y., Yamane, N., Jitsuhara, 
I., Suehiro, Y., “Development of High-Performance F-T Synthesis Catalyst and 
Demonstrative Operation of a Pilot Plant with the Catalyst by JOGMEC-GTL Project 
in Japan”, ACS Div. Fuel Chem. Prepr., 49(2), 2004, pp. 710-711. 
Fujiwara, M., Souma, Y., “Hydrocarbon synthesis from carbon dioxide and hydrogen 
over Cu–Zn–Cr oxide/zeolite hybrid catalysts”, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Comm., 1992, 
pp. 767-768. 
Gaines, L., Stodolsky, F., Cuenca, R. M., “Lifecycle Analysis for Freight 
Transport”, SAE Technical Paper 982206, 1998. 
Gal-or, B., Padmanabhan, L., “Coupled energy and multicomponent mass transfer in 
dispersions and suspensions with residence time and size distributions”, AIChE 
J., 14(5), 1968, pp. 709-714. 
Gallucci, F., Paturzo, L., Basile, A., “An experimental study of CO2 
hydrogenation into methanol involving a zeolite membrane reactor”, Chem. Eng. 
Proc., 43(8), 2004, pp. 1029-1036. 
Galy-Jammou, P., Briens, C., Bergougnou, M., Large, J. F., “Hydrodynamics in 
three-phase fluidized beds with light particles”, in “Fluidization VIII”, 
Engineering Foundation, New York, 1995, pp. 375-384. 
Gandhi, B., Prakash, A., Bergougnou, M. A., “Hydrodynamic behaviour of slurry 
bubble column at high solids concentrations”, Powder Tech., 103, 1999, pp. 
80-94. 
Gantz, U., “Untersuchungen zur heterogen katalysierten Hydrierung von 
Kohlenmonoxid (Fischer-Tropsch Synthese)”, Thesis, Bochum-Ruhr Universitat, 
1980. 
Gardner, T. P., Low, S. S., Kenney, T. E., Belaire, R. C., “Evaluation of Some 
Alternative Diesel Fuels for Low Emissions and Improved Fuel Economy”, SAE 
Technical Paper 2001-01-0149, 2001.  
 
Gelpi, E., Han, J., Nooner, D. W., Oró, J., “Organic compounds in 
meteorites--III. Distribution and identification of aliphatic hydrocarbons 
produced by open flow Fischer-Tropsch processes”, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 
34(9), 1970, pp. 965-979. 
Gervais, A., Briens, C. L., André, J. C., Wild, G., “A modified axial dispersion 
model applied to three-phase fluidized bed reactors with a transition zone”, 
Trans. IchemE. A, 73, 1995, pp. 745-749. 
Geusic, M. E., Morse, M. D., Smalley, R. E., “Hydrogen chemisorption on 
transition metal clusters”, J. Chem. Phys., 82(1), 1985, pp. 590-591. 
Gijzeman, O. L. J., van Zandvoort, M. M. J., Labohm, F., Vliegenthart, J. A., 
Jongert, G., “Carbon monoxide on Ni{111}. Adsorption isotherms and 
intermolecular interactions”, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 2, 1984, pp. 
771-781.  
 
Gilhooley, K., Jackson, S. D., Rigby, S., “Non-steady-state and transient 
effects in medium-pressure hydrogenation of carbon monoxide over rhodium 
catalysts”, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1, 1986, pp. 431-438. 
Gill, W. N., “Axial dispersion with time variable flow in multiphase systems”, 
AIChE J., 15(5), 1969, pp. 745-749. 
Gleeson, M., Barnes, C. J., Atrei, A., Surman, M., “A NEXAFS study of an ordered 
stoichiometric co-adsorption system: c(2 × 2)-(K + CO) on Co<1010>”, Surf. Sci., 
331-333(1), 1995, pp. 47-51. 
Goerke, O., Pfeifer, P., Schubert, K., “Water gas shift reaction and selective 
oxidation of CO in microreactors”, Appl. Catal. A, 263(1), 2004, pp. 11-18. 
Goguet, A., Meunier, F., Breen, J. P., Burch, R., Petch, M. I., Ghenciu, A. F., 
“Study of the origin of the deactivation of a Pt/CeO2 catalyst during reverse 
water gas shift (RWGS) reaction”, J. Catal., 226(2), 2004, pp. 382-392. 
Gomezplata, A., Brown, R. W., “Axial dispersion coefficient measurement in 
two-phase flow”, AIChE J., 14(4), 1968, pp. 657-658. 
Gong, X.-Q., Raval, R., Hu, P., “CO dissociation and O removal on Co(0001): a 
density functional theory study”, Surf. Sci., 562(1-3), 2004, pp. 247-256. 
Gonzalez, R. D., “Characterization and kinetic studies on well-defined supported 
bimetallic clusters”, Applic.Surf. Sci., 19(1-4), 1984, pp. 181-199. 
Goyal, S. K., “Studies on non-isothermal tube-wall reactors: conversion of 
synthesis gas to gaseous and liquid fuels via methanation and Fisher-Tropsch 
synthesis”, Thesis, University of Saskatchewan, 1984. 
Grace, J. R., Harrison, D., “The influence of bubble shape on the rising 
velocities of large bubbles”, Chem. Eng. Sci., 22(10), 1967, pp. 1337-1347. 
Grams, J., Góralski, J., Paryjczak, T., “High resolution surface imaging of 
Co/ZrO2 catalyst by TOF-SIMS”, Surf. Sci., 549(1), 2004, pp. L21-L26. 
Grau, J. M., Yori, J. C., Vera, C. R., Lovey, F. C., Condo, A. M., Parera, J. 
M., “Crystal phase dependent metal-support interactions in Pt/SO42-ZrO2 
catalysts for hydroconversion of n-alkanes”, Appl. Catal. A., 265(2), 2004, pp. 
141-152. 
Gray, D., Tomlinson, G., “Coal as Resource for Fuels of the Future”, ACS Div. 
Fuel Chem. Prepr., 49(2), 2004, pp. 729-730. 
Griboval-Constant, A., Giraudon, J.-M., Leclercq, G., Leclercq, L., “Catalytic 
behaviour of cobalt or ruthenium supported molybdenum carbide catalysts for FT 
reaction”, Appl. Catal. A, 260(1), 2004, pp. 35-45. 
Groothuis, H., Hendal, W. P., “Heat transfer in two-phase flow”, Chem. Eng. 
Sci., 11(3), 1959, pp. 212-220. 
Grunewald, G. C., Drago, R. S., “Reduction of carbon monoxide and dioxide by 
metal carbonyls on a pyrolysed polymeric support”, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Comm., 
1988, pp. 1206-1208.  
 
Gruver, V., Zhan, X., Engman, J., Robota, H. J., Suib, S. L., Polverejan, M., 
“Deactivation of a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst through the formation of cobalt 
carbide under laboratory slurry reactor conditions”, ACS Div. Petrol. Chem. 
Prepr., 49(2), 2004, pp. 192-194. 
Guder R., “Fluiddynamik von Dreiphasenströmungen in 
Treibstrahl-Schlaufenreaktoren”, VDI Fortschrittsberichte, Reihe 3 Nr. 461, 
VDI-Verlag, Düsseldorf, 1997. 
Guet, S., Ooms, G., Oliemans, R. V. A., Mudde, R. F., “Bubble size effect on low 
liquid input drift-flux parameters”, Chem. Eng. Sci., 59(16), 2004, pp. 
3315-3329. 
Guo, Q., Mao, H.-K., Hu, J., Shu, J., Hemley, R. J., “The phase transitions of 
CoO under static pressure to 104 Gpa”, J. Phys. Condens. Matter, 14(44), 2002, 
pp. 11369-11374. 
Guo X., Xin Q., “IR-spectra of CO adsorbed on Ru/Al2O3 and Pt/Al2O3 and the 
interaction between metal and carrier”, Chinese J. Catal.,2(4) 1981, p. 96. 
Guo, Y., Wang, Y., Li, H., Li, J., Wang, J., “Cu-Based Catalyst LP201 for 
One-Step Synthesis of Dimethyl Ether from Syngas in Three-Phase Process”, 
Chinese J. Catal., 25(6), 2004, pp. 429-430. 
Gupta, R. B., Viswanathan, B., Sastri, M. V. C., “Interaction of hydrogen and 
carbon monoxide on cobalt catalysts. Part I”, J. Catal., 26(2), 1972, pp. 
212-217. 
Gutschick, D., Miessner, H., Weber, M., “Infrared spectroscopic evidence for CO 
dissociation on NaX-zeolite-supported rhodium”, J. Catal., 94(1), 1985, pp. 
297-299. 
Haddad, G. J., “Promotion of cobalt fischer-tropsch catalysts”, Ph.D., 
University Of Pittsburgh, 1995.  
 
Hagelin-Weaver, H. A. E., Hoflund, G. B., Minahan, D. M., Salaita, G. N., 
“Electron energy loss spectroscopic investigation of Co metal, CoO, and Co3O4 
before and after Ar bombardment”, Appl. Surf. Sci., 235(4), 2004, pp. 420-448.
 
 
Hagesaether, L., “Coalescence and break-up of drops and bubbles”, Ph.D. Thesis, 
Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 2002. 
Hallgren, B. E., Heywood, J. B., “Effects of Oxygenated Fuels on DI Diesel 
Combustion and Emissions”, SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-0648, 2001. 
Hamelinck, C. N., Faaij, A. P. C., den Uil, H., Boerrigter, H., “Production of 
FT transportation fuels from biomass; technical options, process analysis and 
optimisation, and development potential”, report NWS-E-2003-08, Utrecht 
Universit, Copernicus Institut, Science Technology and Society, Utrecht, the 
Netherlands, 2003.  
 
Hamelinck, C. N., Faaij, A. P. C., den Uil, H., Boerrigter, H., “Production of 
FT transportation fuels from biomass; technical options, process analysis and 
optimisation, and development potential”, Energy, 29(11), 2004, pp. 1743-1771. 
Harberts, J. C. M., Bourgonje, A. F., Stephan, J. J., Ponec, V., “Adsorption and 
desorption of carbon monoxide from nickel and nickel-copper alloys”, J. Catal., 
47(1), 1977, pp. 92-99. 
Hassel, M., Freund, H.-J., “High Resolution XPS Study of a Thin CoO(111) Film 
Grown on Co(0001)”, Surf. Sci. Spectra, 4(1-4), 1996, p. 273.  
 
Hau, K.-F. F.-L., Banerjee, S., “Measurement of mass flux in two-phase flow 
using combinations of pitot tubes and gamma densitometers”, AIChE J., 27(2), 
1981, pp. 177-184. 
Hayashi, N., Kawasaki, K., “Adsorption of carbon monoxide on nickel”, J. Catal., 
48(1-3), 1977, pp. 243-248. 
Hayes, R. E., Thomas, W. J., Hayes, K. E., “A study of the nickel-catalyzed 
methanation reaction”, J. Catal., 92(2), 1985, pp. 312-326. 
Hayes III, W. B., Hardy, B. W., Holland, C. D., “Formation of gas bubbles at 
submerged orifices”, AIChE J., 5(3), 1959, pp. 319-324. 
He, D., Wang, M. Q., “Contribution Feedstock and Fuel Transportation to Total 
Fuel-Cycle Energy Use and Emissions”, SAE Technical Paper 2000-01-2976, 2000. 
He, J.-W., Goodman, D. W., “Ultra-thin cobalt films on Mo(110): overlayer growth 
and chemisorption of CO and D2”, Surf. Sci., 245(1-2), 1991, pp. 29-40. 
He, M.-Y., Ekerdt, J. G., “Infrared studies of the adsorption of synthesis gas 
on zirconium dioxide”, J. Catal., 87(2), 1984, pp. 381-388. 
Heal, M. J., Leisegang, E. C., Torrington, R. G., “Infrared studies of carbon 
monoxide and hydrogen adsorbed on silica-supported iron and cobalt catalysts”, 
J. Catal., 51(3), 1978, pp. 314-325. 
Hebach, A., Oberhof, A., Dahmen, N., “Density of Water + Carbon Dioxide at 
Elevated Pressures: Measurements and Correlation”, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 49(4), 
2004, pp. 950-953. 
Hebrard, G., Bastoul, D., Roustan, M., Comte, M. P., Beck, C., “Characterization 
of axial liquid dispersion in gas–liquid and gas–liquid–solid reactors”, Chem. 
Eng. J., 72(2), 1999, pp. 109-116. 
Hedi, A., “Cobalt Fischer-Tropsch catalysts: Influence of the cobalt dispersion 
and titania promotion”, Ph.D. Thesis, Universite de Paris VI, 1996.  
 
Heise, M. S., Schwarz, J. A., “Preparation of Metal Distributions within 
Catalyst Supports: I. Effect of pH on Catalytic Metal Profiles”, J. Colloid 
Interf. Sci., 107(1), 1985, p. 237. 
Heise, M. S., Schwarz, J. A., “Preparation of Metal Distributions within 
Catalyst Supports II. Effect of Ionic Strength on Catalytic Metal Profiles”, J. 
Colloid Intefr. Sci., 113, 1986, p. 55.  
 
Hemmerich, R., “Zur Fischer-Tropsch-Synthese mit neuartigen Katalysatoren auf 
der Grundlage basisch fixierter Hydridocarbonylkomplexe”, Dissertation, Aachen 
Technischen Hochschule, 1983. 
Henrici-Olivé, G., Olivé, S., “In Re: Fischer-Tropsch : Comments to notes by R. 
B. Anderson (1) and R. J. Madon (2)”, J. Catal., 60(3), 1979, pp. 481-483. 
Henry Jr., J. D., Lawler, L. F., Kuo, C. H. A., “A solid/liquid separation 
process based on cross flow and electrofiltration”, AIChE J., 23(6), 1977, pp. 
851-859. 
Hensen, E. J. M., Zhu, Q., Hendrix, M. M. R. M., Overweg, A. R., Kooyman, P. J., 
Sychev., M. V., van Santen, R. A., “Effect of high-temperature treatment on 
Fe/ZSM-5 prepared by chemical vapor deposition of FeCl3 I. Physicochemical 
characterization”, J. Catal., 221(2), 2004, pp. 569-583. 
Herrmann, J. M., “Electronic effects in strong metal-support interactions on 
titania deposited metal catalysts”, J. Catal., 89(2), 1984, pp. 404-412. 
Herrmann, J. M., “Electronic effects in strong metal-support interactions on 
titania-deposited metal catalysts: Reply to F. Solymosi's comments”, J. Catal., 
94(2), 1985, pp. 587-589. 
Hess, D., “Oberflächenanalytische Charakterisierung von 
Fe/Mn-Fischer-Tropsch-Katalysatoren”, Thesis, Bochum Ruhr-Universitat, 1985.  
 
Hicks, R. F., Bell, A. T., “Effects of metal-support interactions on the 
hydrogenation of CO over Pd/SiO2 and Pd/La2O3”, J. Catal., 90(2), 1984, pp. 
205-220. 
Higgins, B. S., Mueller, C. J., Siebers, D. L., “Measurements of Fuel Effects on 
Liquid-Phase Penetration in DI Sprays”, SAE Technical Paper 1999-01-0519, 1999. 
Hightower, J. W., “Gas-liquid-solid reactor design, Y. T. Shah, McGraw-Hill; 373 
pages; January, 1979”, AIChE J., 27(1), 1981, p.174. 
Hightower, J. W., “Gas-liquid-solid reactor design, Y. T. Shah, McGraw-Hill; 373 
pages; January, 1979”, AIChE J., 27(2), 1981, p. 316. 
Hilaire, S., Wang, X., Luo, T., Gorte, R. J., Wagner, J., “A comparative study 
of water-gas-shift reaction over ceria-supported metallic catalysts”, Appl. 
Catal. A, 258(2), 2004, pp. 271-276. 
Hill, A. F., Ho, C. T., Wilton-Ely, J. D. E. T., “The coupling of methylene and 
vinyl ligands at a ruthenium(II) centre”, Chem. Comm., 1997, pp. 2207-2208. 
Hill, T., Mozaffari-Afshar, M., Schmidt, J., Risse, T.,. Stempel, S., Heemeier, 
M., Freund, H.-J., “Influence of CO adsorption on the magnetism of small Co 
particles deposited on Al2O3”, Chem. Phys. Lett., 292(4-6), 1998, pp. 524-530. 
Hirose, T., Moo-Young, M., “Generalized expressions for gas absorption rates in 
bubbles”, Chem. Eng. Sci., 25(4), 1970, pp. 729-737. 
Hobbs, S. Y., Pratt, C. F., “Modifications in bubbly flow on antifoam addition”, 
AIChE J., 20(1), 1974, pp. 178-180. 
Hochart, N., Raux, S., Montagne, X., Bellot, M., Delage, A., Faucon, R., Petit, 
A., Michon, S., “Present Day Diesel Engine Pollutant Emissions: Proposed Model 
for Refinery Bases Impact”, SAE Technical Paper 2000-01-1852, 2000. 
Hoffmann, F. M., Bradshaw, A. M., “IR reflection-absorption spectroscopy of CO 
adsorbed on platinum and palladium”, J. Catal., 44(2), 1976, pp. 328-331. 
Holmen, A., Schanke, D., Sundmark, G., “Hydrogenation of CO over Iron-Nickel 
Catalysts Supported on Titania”, in “Proc. 9th. Int. Congr. Cat., Calgary”, 2, 
1988, p. 650. 
Holmen, A., Schanke, D., Sundmark, G., “Hydrogenation of Carbon Monoxide over 
Iron Catalysts on Different Supports”, Appl. Catal., 50, 1989, p. 211.  
 
Hosseini, S. A., Taeb, A., Feyzi, F., Yaripour, F., “Fischer-Tropsch synthesis 
over Ru promoted Co/γ-Al2O3 catalysts in a CSTR”, Catal. Comm., 5(3), 2004, pp. 
137-143. 
Hou, P. Y., Wise, H., “Kinetic studies with a sulfur-tolerant methanation 
catalyst”, J. Catal., 93(2), 1985, pp. 409-416. 
Hountalas, D., Kouremenos, D., “Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Fuel 
Composition on the Formation of Pollutants in Direct Injection Diesel Engines”, 
SAE Technical Paper 1999-01-0189, 1999. 
Hovi, J.-P., Lahtinen, J., Vaari, J., Nieminen, R. M., “Monte-Carlo simulations 
of CO hydrogenation on a (0001) surface”, Surf. Sci., 311(3), 1994, pp. 331-336. 
Hsieh, B. C. B., Jain, S. C., Tennant, J. B., “Commercial Deployment of 
Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis: The Coproduction Option”, Top. Catal., 26(1-4), 2003, 
p. 13. 
Hu, Y., Jin, H., Li, C., Xin, Q., “A study on the adsorptive and water-gas-shift 
reactive behaviors of Fe2O3 catalysts”, J. Fuel Chem. Tech., 21(3), 1993, p. 
225. 
Hua, J.-M., Zheng, Q., Lin, X.-Y., Wei, K.-M., “Influence of Au Loading on the 
Structure and Catalytic Performance of Au/α-Fe2O3 Catalysts for Low-Temperature 
Water-Gas Shift Reaction”, J. Fuel Chem. Tech., 31(6), 2003, pp. 558-563. 
Huang, W., Liu, G., Yin, L., Xie, K., “Study on CH4-CO2 Two-Step Reaction and 
CO2 Hydrogenation by a ‘Short Contact’ Way”, Chinese J. Catal., 25(6), 2004, pp. 
490-494. 
Huang, X., “Supercritical fluids as alternative reaction media for 
Fischer-Tropsch synthesis”, Ph.D. Thesis, Auburn University, 2003. 
Huber, M. L., Laesecke, A., Perkins, R., “Transport Properties of n-Dodecane”, 
Energy Fuels, 18(4), 2004, pp. 968-975. 
Hughmark, G. A., “Mass transfer for suspended solid particles in agitated 
liquids”, Chem. Eng. Sci., 24(2), 1969, pp. 291-297. 
Hughmark, G. A., “Heat transfer in vertical annular two-phase flow”, AIChE J., 
11(5), 1965, p. 937. 
Hughmark, G. A., “Holdup in vertical upward slug flow”, AIChE J., 12(5), 1966, 
pp. 1023-1024. 
Hughmark, G. A., “Film thickness, entrainment, and pressure drop in upward 
annular and dispersed flow”, AIChE J., 19(5), 1973, pp. 1062-1065. 
Hughmark, G. A., Pressburg, B. S., “Holdup and pressure drop with gas-liquid 
flow in a vertical pipe”, AIChE J., 7(4), 1961, pp. 677-682. 
Hulburt, H. M., “Enhancement and effectiveness factors in gas-liquid absorbers 
and reactors”, AIChE J., 22(3), 1976, pp. 604-607. 
Hunt, D. J., Moyes, R. B., Wells, P. B., Jackson, S. D., Whyman, R., 
“Chemisorption and catalysis by metal clusters: characterisation and 
chemisorption. Properties of Ru3(CO)12 and H4Ru4(CO)12 supported on alumina, 
silica and titania”, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1, 1986, pp. 189-204. 
Hussain S. T., Larachi F. “A combined HREELS and s-SIMS study of CO adsorption 
on Ag/Ru and Pd/Ru surfaces”, J. Trace Microprobe T., 19, 2001, pp. 199-209. 
Hyde, E. A., Rudham, R., Rochester, C. H., “Effects of preparation procedure on 
the surface properties of rhodium supported on γ–alumina”, J. Chem. Soc., 
Faraday Trans. 1, 1983, pp. 2405-2423. 
Idakiev, V., Tabakova, T., Yuan, Z.-Y., Su, B.-L., “Gold catalysts supported on 
mesoporous titania for low-temperature water-gas shift reaction”, Appl. Catal. 
A, 270(1-2), 2004, pp. 135-141. 
Iglesia, E., “Challenges and Progress in the Conversion of Natural Gas to Fuels 
and Chemicals”, ACS Fuel Chem. Div., Prepr., 49(1), 2004, p. 49.  
 
Iizuka, T., Tanaka, Y., “Dissociative adsorption of CO2 on supported rhodium 
catalyst: Comment on surface interaction between H2 and CO2 on Rh-Al2O3”, J. 
Catal., 70(2), 1981, pp. 449-450. 
Isbin, H. S., “An index to the two-phase gas-liquid flow literature, S. William 
Gouse, Jr., M.I.T. Press, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 
Massachusetts (1966). M.I.T. Report No. 9, 867 pages”, AIChE J., 13(3), 1967, 
pp. 418-617. 
Isbin, H. S., “One-dimensional two-phase flow, Graham B. Wallis, McGraw-Huill, 
New York (1969)”, AIChE J., 16(6), 1970, p. 896. 
Isbin, H. S., Rodriguez, H. A., Larson, H. C., Pattie, B. D., “Void fractions in 
two-phase flow”, AIChE J., 5(4), 1959, pp. 427-432. 
Ishii, M., Zuber, N., “Drag coefficient and relative velocity in bubbly, droplet 
or particulate flows”, AIChE J., 25(5), 1979, pp. 843-855. 
Iwasawa, Y., Ito, N., “Selective ethane formation by CO hydrogenation on 
inorganic oxide-attached Mo(II)-monomer catalysts”, J. Catal., 96(2), 1985, pp. 
613-615. 
Jablonski, G. A., Geurts, F. W., Sacco, Jr., A., Biederman, R. R., “Carbon 
deposition over Fe, Ni, and Co foils from CO-H2-CH4-CO2-H2O, CO-CO2, CH4-H2, and 
CO-H2-H2O gas mixtures: I. Morphology”, Carbon, 30(1), 1992, pp. 87-98. 
Jablonski, G. A., Geurts, F. W. A. H., Sacco, Jr., A., “Carbon deposition over 
Fe, Ni, and Co foils from CO-H2-CH4-CO2-H2O, CO-CO2, CH4-H2, and CO-H2-H2O gas 
mixtures: II. Kinetics”, Carbon, 30(1), 1992, pp. 99-106. 
Jackson, S. D., “Interaction of carbon monoxide with rhodium catalysts. Studies 
of adsorption and thermal desorption”, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1, 1985, 
pp. 2225-2233. 
Jackson, S. D., Brandreth, B. J., Winstanley, D., “Carbon monoxide hydrogenation 
over silica-supported rhodium catalysts. The effect of the rhodium precursor”, 
J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1, 1988, pp. 1741-1749. 
Jackson, S. D., Moyes, R. B., Wells, P. B., Whyman, R., “Chemisorption and 
catalysis by metal clusters. Hydrogenation of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide 
catalysed by supported Ruthenium clusters derived from Ru3(CO)12 and from 
H4Ru4(CO)12”, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1, 1987, pp. 905-911. 
Jacobs, G., Chaney, J. A., Patterson, P. M., Das, T. K., Davis, B. H., 
“Fischer-Tropsch synthesis: study of the promotion of Re on the reduction 
property of Co/Al2O3 catalysts by in situ EXAFS/ XANES of Co K and Re LIII edges 
and XPS”, Appl. Catal. A, 264(2), 2004, pp. 203-212.  
 
Jacobs, G., Chaney, J. A., Patterson, P. M., Das, T. K., Maillot, J. C., Davis, 
B. H., “Fischer-Tropsch synthesis: study of the promotion of Pt on the reduction 
property of Co/Al2O3 catalysts by in situ EXAFS of Co K and Pt LIII edges and 
XPS”, J. Synchroton Rad., 11, 2004, pp. 414-422. 
Jacobs, G., Chenu, E., Patterson, P. M., Williams, L., Sparks, D., Thomas, G., 
Davis, B. H., “Water-gas shift: comparative screening of metal promoters for 
metal/ceria systems and role of the metal”, Appl. Catal. A, 258(2), 2004, pp. 
203-214. 
Jacobs, G., Crawford, A., Williams, L., Patterson, P. M., Davis, B,. H., “Low 
temperature water-gas shift: comparison of thoria and ceria catalysts”, Appl. 
Catal. A, 267(1-2), 2004, pp. 27-33. 
Jacobs, G., Khalid, S., Patterson, P. M., Sparks, D. E., Davis, B. H., 
“Water-gas shift catalysis: kinetic isotope effect identifies surface formates 
in rate limiting step for Pt/ceria catalysts”, Appl. Catal. A, 268(1-2), 2004, 
pp. 255-266. 
Jacobs, G., Patterson, P. M., Chaney, J. A., Conner, W., Das, T. K., Luo, M., 
Davis, B H., “Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis: Influence of reduction promoters on 
cluster size and stability of Co/Al2O3 Catalysts for GTL”, ACS Div. Petrol. 
Chem. Prepr., 49(2), 2004, pp. 196-191. 
Jacobs, G., Patterson, P. M., Das, T. K., Luo, M., Davis, B. H., 
“Fischer-Tropsch synthesis: effect of water on Co/Al2O3 catalysts and XAFS 
characterization of reoxidation phenomena”, Appl. Catal. A, 270(1-2), 2004, pp. 
65-76. 
Jacobs, G., Patterson, P. M., Williams, L., Sparks, D., Davis, B. H., “Low 
Temperature Water–Gas Shift: Role of Pretreatment on Formation of Surface 
Carbonates and Formates”, Catal. Lett., 96(1-2), 2004, p. 97.  
 
Jacobs, J., “Untersuchungen zum Syntheseverhalten von 
Fischer-Tropsch-Katalysatoren : Zum Einfluss der Vorbehandlung - Reduktion und 
Formierung - und einer selektiven Vergiftung auf Aktivität, Selektivität und 
mechanische Stabilität eines Fischer-Tropsch-Katalysators”, Thesis, Bochum 
Ruhr-Universitat, 1981. 
Jacobs, J., Baerns, M., “Effect of chlorine on the selectivity of a 
fischer-tropsch catalyst composed of iron/vanadium oxides”, Chem. Eng. Tech., 
11(1), 1988, pp. 32-39. 
Jacobs, P. A., Leplat, L., Uytterhoeven, J. B. , “Fischer-Tropsch synthesis of 
hydrocarbons in the gasoil range”, Commission of the European Communities, 
Energy, Report no. EUR 10302 EN, ECSC-EEG-EAEC, Brussels, Luxembourg, 1985, pp. 
1-49. 
Jacobs, P. A., Nijs, H. H., Poncelet, G., “Characterization of reduced natural 
garnierite and its catalytic activity for carbon monoxide hydrogenation”, J. 
Catal., 64(2), 1980, pp. 251-259. 
Jansen, A., Pitter, S., “Homogeneously catalysed reduction of carbon dioxide 
with silanes: a study on solvent and ligand effects and catalyst recycling”, J. 
Mol. Catal. A, 217(1-2), 2004, pp. 41-45. 
Jansen, J. P., Berends, R. H., Breman, B., “Large-scale production of biofuels 
through biomass (co-)gasification and Fischer-Tropsch synthesis”, TNO-report R 
2002/406, Netherlands Organization For Applied Scientic Research, 2002. 
Jansen Van Vuuren, G. P. F., “The Influence Of Calcination Conditions On The 
Fischer-Tropsch Activity Of Cobalt/Silicon-Dioxide”, M.Sc. Thesis, University Of 
Pretoria, 1988.  
 
Jeon, J.-K., Kim, C.-J., Park, Y.-K., Ihm, S.-K., “Catalytic Properties of 
Potassium- or Lanthanum-Promoted Co/gamma-Al2O3 Catalysts in Carbon Monoxide 
Hydrogenation”, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 21(2), 2004, pp. 365-369. 
Ji, D., Liu, S., Wang, Q., Xu, L., “Novel catalysis of TiO2 for the catalytic 
alcohols synthesis from CO and H2O”, Fuel Proc. Tech., 85(8-10), 2004, pp. 
1165-1173. 
Ji, H.-Y., Tohidi, B., Danesh, A., Todd, A. C., “Wax phase equilibria: 
developing a thermodynamic model using a systematic approach”, Fluid Phase Equ., 
216(2), 2004, pp. 201-217. 
Jiang, X.-Z., Stevenson, S. A., Dumesic, J. A., “Mössbauer spectroscopy and 
methanation kinetics studies of nickel-iron alloy particles supported on titania 
and alumina”, J. Catal., 91(1), 1985, pp. 11-24. 
Jin, B., Lant, P., “Flow regime, hydrodynamics, floc size distribution and 
sludge properties in activated sludge bubble column, air-lift and aerated 
stirred reactors”, Chem. Eng. Sci., 59(12), 2004, pp. 2379-2388. 
Jin, Y., “Phase transformation of iron-based catalysts for Fischer-Tropsch 
synthesis”, Ph.D. Thesis, The University Of New Mexico, 1999.  
 
Jin, Y.M., Xu, H., “Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy of Carbonaceous Layers in 
Fe Fischer-Tropsch Catalysts”, in “Proceedings of 15th Int. Congr. Electron 
Microscopy”, 1, 2002, p. 363. 
Johnson, H. E., “Analysis of heavy paraffinic Fischer-Tropsch waxes using gel 
permeation chromatography”, Thesis, MIT, 1983. 
Johnson, J. W., Berlowitz, P. J., Ryan, D. F., Wittenbrink, R. J., Genetti, W. 
B., Ansell, L. L., Kwon, Y., Rickeard, D. J., “Emissions From Fischer-Tropsch 
Diesel Fuels”, SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-3518, 2001. 
Johnston, C., Jorgensen, N., Rochester, C. H., “Volumetric and infrared studies 
of carbon monoxide adsorption on silica-supported iron catalysts characterised 
by thermogravimetric analysis and X-ray diffraction”, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday 
Trans. 1, 1988, pp. 309-319. 
Joisten, M., “Fischer - Tropsch - Mitteldruck - Synthese im Blasensäulenreaktor 
an Fe- und Co-Kontakten mit Zeolithen L, ω, β, Erionit und Mordenit”, 
Dissertation, Aachen Technischen Hochschule, 1991.  
 
Jones, A., McNicol, B. D., “Comparison of the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis of 
hydrocarbons and the Haber synthesis of ammonia”, J. Catal., 47(3), 1977, pp. 
384-388. 
Jongsomjit, B., “Cobalt-support compound formation in alumina-supported cobalt 
catalysts”, Ph.D. Thesis, U. Pittsburgh, 2002. 
Jongsomjit, B., Sakdamnuson, C., Goodwin Jr, J. G., Praserthdam, P., “Co-Support 
Compound Formation in Titania-Supported Cobalt Catalyst”, Catal. Lett., 94(3-4), 
2004, p. 209.  
 
Joorst, G. “Rhodium as a promoter for an iron Fischer-Tropsch catalyst”, M.Sc. 
dissertation, University of Cape Town, 2001. 
Jordan, P. M., Feuillade, C., “On the propagation of harmonic acoustic waves in 
bubbly liquids”, Int. J. Eng. Sci., 42(11-12), 2004, pp. 1119-1128. 
Joshi, J. B., Deshpande, N. S., Dinkar, M., Phanikumar, D. V., “Hydrodynamic 
stability of multiphase reactors”, Adv. Chem. Eng., 26, 2001, pp. 1-130. 
Joubert, D., “Ethylene copolymers with Fischer-Tropsch olefins”, Macromolecular 
Symposia, 178(1), 2002, pp. 69-80. 
Jozwiak, W. K., Szubiakiewicz, E., Góralski, J., Klonkowski, A. Paryjczak, T., 
“Physico-Chemical and Catalytic Study of the Co/SiO2 Catalysts”, Kinet. Catal., 
45(2), 2004, p. 247. 
Judat, H., “Begasen von niedrigviskosen Flüssigkeiten”, Chem.-Ing.-Tech., 51(7), 
1979, pp. 710-716. 
Jun , K.-W., Roh , H.-S., Kim , K.-S., Ryu, J.-S., Lee, K.-W., “Catalytic 
investigation for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis from bio-mass derived syngas”, Appl. 
Catal. A, 259(2), 2004, pp. 221-226. 
Kahandawala, M. S. P., Graham, J. L., Sidhu, S. S., “Particulate Emission from 
Combustion of Diesel and Fischer-Tropsch Fuels: A Shock Tube Study”, Energy 
Fuels, 18(2), 2004, pp. 289-295. 
Kaiser, U., Ganschow, O., Wang, N. L., Wiedmann, L., Benninghoven, A., “Summary 
Abstract: Oxidation of cobalt at room temperature, studied by combined static 
SIMS, static AES, XPS, and work function investigations”, J. Vac. Sci. Tech. A, 
1(2), 1983, pp. 1033-1034. 
Kang, Y., Cho, Y. J., Lee, C. G., Song, P. S., Kim, S. D., “Radial Liquid 
Dispersion and Bubble Distribution in Three-Phase Circulating Fluidized Beds”, 
Canadian J. Chem. Eng., 81(6), 2003, pp. 1130-1138. 
Kapoor, A., “Fischer-Tropsch Studies in a Tube-Wall Reactor using Plasma-Sprayed 
Iron Catalyst”, M. Sc. Thesis, University of Saskatchewan, 1985.  
 
Kapoor, P. N., Heroux, D., Mulukutla, R. S., Zaikovskii, V., Klabunde, K. J., 
“High surface area homogeneous nanocrystalline bimetallic oxides obtained by 
hydrolysis of bimetallic µ-oxo alkoxides”, J. Mater. Chem., 13(2), 2003, pp. 
410-414. 
Karasevich, A. M. Storonsky, N. M., Shevinsky, Ya. S., Litvina, A. D., Ione, K. 
G., Mysov, V. M., “Advanced technology focuses on automotive fuels production at 
smaller gas fields”, Gazovaya Promyshlennost, 2004(4). 
Kasowski, R. V., Caruthers, E., “Extended muffin-tin orbital theory applied to 
the reaction of CO+H2 on Ni(001)”, Phys. Rev. B, 21, 1980, pp. 3200-3206. 
Katzer, J. R., Sleight, A. W., Gajardo, P., Michel, J. B., Gleason, E. F., 
McMillan, S., “The role of the support in CO hydrogenation selectivity of 
supported rhodium”, Faraday Discuss. Chem. Soc., 1981, pp. 121-133.  
 
Keister, J. B., “Hydrogenation of O-methylated carbon monoxide on clusters of 
the iron triad”, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Comm., 1979, pp. 214-215. 
Kenney, C. N., Shah, Y. T., “Effectiveness factors and transient behavior in 
gas—liquid catalyst systems”, Chem. Eng. Sci., 28(1), 1973, pp. 325-328. 
Kenney, J. F., Kutcherov, V. A., Bendeliani, N. A., Alekseev, V. A., “The 
evolution of multicomponent systems at high pressures: VI. The thermodynamic 
stability of the hydrogen–carbon system: The genesis of hydrocarbons and the 
origin of petroleum”, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 99(17), 2002, pp. 10976-10981. 
Kenney, T. E., Gardner, T. P., Low, S. S., Eckstrom, J. C., Wolf, L. R., 
Szymkowicz, P. G., Korn, S. J., “Overall Results: Phase I Ad Hoc Diesel Fuel 
Test Program”, SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-0151, 2001. 
Kesraoui, S., Oukaci, R., Blackmond, D. G., “Adsorption and reaction of CO and 
H2 on K-promoted Rh/SiO2 catalysts”, J. Catal., 105(2), 1987, pp. 432-444. 
Ketteler, G., Ranke, W., “Self-assembled periodic Fe3O4 nanostructures in 
ultrathin FeO(111) films on Ru(0001)”, Phys. Rev. B, 66, 2002, p. 33405. 
Khalek, I. A., Ullman, T. U., Vasquez, L., Guerrero, M., “Hot-Start Transient 
Emissions From a Mercedes Om 366 La and a Detroit Diesel Operated on Chilean, 
California, and US 2D Fuels”, SAE Technical Paper 2002-01-2827, 2002.  
 
Khassin, A. A., Sipatrov, A. G., Yurieva, T. M., Chermashentseva, G. K., Parmon, 
V. N., “Plug-through contactor membranes (PCM) for the Fischer-Tropsch 
synthesis”, ACS Div. Petrol. Chem. Prepr., 49(2), 2004, pp. 175-178. 
Khodadadi, A. A., “Dynamic behavior of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis on a cobalt 
catalyst”, Ph.D. Thesis, University Of Waterloo, 1994. 
Khurana, A. K., Kumar, R., “Studies in bubble formation — III”, Chem. Eng. Sci., 
24(11), 1969, pp. 1711-1723. 
Kies, F. K., Benadda, B., Otterbein, M., “Experimental study on mass transfer of 
a co-current gas–liquid contactor performing under high gas velocities”, Chem. 
Eng. Proc., 43(11), 2004, pp. 1389-1395. 
Kikuzono, Y., Kagami, S., Naito, S., Onishi, T., Tamaru, K., “Selective 
hydrogenation of carbon monoxide on palladium catalysts”, Faraday Discuss. Chem. 
Soc., 1981, pp. 135-143.  
 
Kim, J.-H., Park, M. J., Kim, S. J., Joo, O.-S., Jung, K.-D., “DME synthesis 
from synthesis gas on the admixed catalysts of Cu/ZnO/A2O3 and ZSM-5”, Appl. 
Catal. A, 264(1), 2004, pp. 37-41. 
King, D. L., Peri, J. B., “An infrared study of nitric oxide chemisorption on 
alumina-supported iron and alkalized iron Fischer-Tropsch catalysts”, J. Catal., 
79(1), 1983, pp. 164-175. 
Klinke II, D. J., “Computational developments in heterogeneously catalyzed 
reaction modeling: Mechanistic elucidation of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis”, Ph.D. 
Thesis, Northwestern University, 1998.  
 
Klinkenberg, A., “The concept of backmixing”, Chem. Eng. Sci., 23(1), 1968, p. 
92. 
Knesebeck, A., Guardani, R., “Particle distribution in a three-phase fluidized 
bed under low-to-intermediate Reynolds conditions”, Powder Tech., 140(1-2), 
2004, pp. 30-39. 
Knifton, J. F., “Syngas reactions: IV. Vicinal glycol esters from synthesis 
gas”, J. Catal., 76(1), 1982, pp. 101-111. 
Knifton, J. F., “Syngas reactions: V. Ethylene from synthesis gas”, J. Catal., 
79(1), 1983, pp. 147-155. 
Knifton, J. F., “Syngas reactions : IX. Acetic acid from synthesis gas”, J. 
Catal., 96(2), 1985, pp. 439-453. 
Knifton, J. F., “The generation of N-alkylformamides from synthesis gas and 
ammonia”, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Comm., 1985, pp. 1412-1414. 
Kobayashi, M., Shirasaki, T., “The EPR study of CO adsorbed ruthenium-silica 
catalysts”, J. Catal., 32(2), 1974, pp. 254-260. 
Kobolakis, I., Wojciechowski, B. W., "The Catalytic Cracking of a Fisher-Tropsch 
Synthesis Product," Canadian J. Chem. Eng., 63, 1985, pp. 269-287. 
Koch, S. A., te Velde, R. H., Palasantzas, G., De Hosson, J. T., “Magnetic force 
microscopy on cobalt nanocluster films”, Appl. Surf. Sci., 226(1-3), 2004, pp. 
185-190. 
Koizumi, N., Murai, K., Ozaki, T., Yamada, M., “Development of sulfur tolerant 
catalysts for the synthesis of high quality transportation fuels”, Catal. Today, 
89(4), 2004, pp. 465-478. 
Kojima, I., Miyazaki, E., “Catalysis by transition metal carbides : V. Kinetic 
measurements of hydrogenation of CO over TaC, TiC, and Mo2C catalysts”, J. 
Catal., 89(1), 1984, pp. 168-171. 
Kojima, I., Miyazaki, E., Yasumori, I., “Synthesis of hydrocarbons from CO and 
H2 over metal carbide catalysts”, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Comm., 1980, pp. 573-574.
 
 
Kölbel, H., “Heterogene gaskatalyse in blasensäulen mit suspendiertem kontakt”, 
Chem. Eng. Sci., 14(1), 1961, pp. 151-157. 
Kölbel, H., Hanus, D., “Zum Reaktionsmechanismus der Fischer-Tropsch-Synthese - 
X. Mitteilung”, Chem.-Ing.-Tech., 46(24z), 1974, pp. 1042-1043. 
Kölbel, H., Müller, W. H. E., Hammer, H., “Synthese höhermolekularer 
paraffinkohlen-wasserstoffe aus kohlenmonoxyd in wäßrigen suspensionen von 
ruthenium”, Makromolek. Chem., 70(1), 1964, pp. 1-11. 
Kondo, J., Abe, H., Sakata, Y., Maruya, K.-I., Domen, K., Onishi, T., “Infrared 
studies of adsorbed species of H2, CO and CO2 over ZrO2”, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday 
Trans. 1, 1988, pp. 511-519. 
König, L., “Untersuchungen zur Wirkung von Alkaliverbindungen als Promotor bei 
der Fischer-Tropsch-Synthese an Eisenfällungkatalysatoren”, Thesis, Darmstadt 
Technischen Hochschule, 1984. 
Korili, S. A., “Carbon Monoxide Hydrogenation on Mono- and Bi-metallic Zeolite 
Supported Catalysts of Nickel, Cobalt and Ruthenium”, Ph. D. Thesis, Aristotle 
University of Thessaloniki, 1994. 
Korn, S. J., “An Advanced Diesel Fuels Test Program”, SAE Technical Paper 
2001-01-0150, 2001. 
Köster, R., Yalpani, M., “An Organoboron Model System for the Fischer-Tropsch 
Synthesis”, Angewandte Chemie, 24(7), 1985, pp. 572-573.  
 
Kostov, K. L., Widdra, W., Menzel, D., “Hydrogen on Ru(001) revisited: 
vibrational structure, adsorption states, and lateral coupling”, Surf. Sci., 
560(1-3), 2004, pp. 130-144. 
Kotanigawa, T., Shimokawa, K., Yamamoto, M., “Role of water vapour in the carbon 
monoxide–water reaction system on an iron catalyst”, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Comm., 
1982, pp. 29-30.  
 |