Fluid Flow Through Packed and Fluidized Systems

Introduction		1
Acknowledgements		2
Literature survey		3
	Fluid flow through packed beds	3
	Fluidization	7
Pressure drop through packed tubes, turbulent flow		8
	General correlation	8
	Variables	8
	Derivation of a working equation	8
	Experimental work	9
	Discussion of results	14
	Nomograph of pressure-drop equation	15
Effect of surface roughness		17
	Materials and data	17
	Correlation	19
	Discussion of results	20
Prediction of voids in packed tubes		22
	Methods of charging vessels	22
	Variables	22
	Experimental details	22
	Comments	26
	General Estimation of voids for rings	27
	Wall Effect	28
	Limits of void function	28
	Saddles	28
	Sample Calculation	29
	Comparison between tower packings	29
	Bed-Characterization factor	29
	Volume and surface-area characteristics	31
	Relative packing efficiency	31
	Space velocity	32
	Cylinders, spheres, and granules	33
	Summary	35
	Pressure drop through packed tubes, viscous flow	37
	General correlation	37
	Data and equipment	37
	Correlation of results	42
	Nomograph	46
	Generalized pressure-drop equation	49
	Transitional range	49
	Differential equation	50
	Nomograph	51
	Pressure drop through packed tubes, viscous flow-Continued
	Shape-factor estimations	51
	Fluidization of solids	57
	General	57
	Vesicular and nonvesicular particles	57
	Fluidization of nonporous particles	57
	Description of fluidization	57
	Experimental details	58
	Data and correlations	59
	Illustrations	59
	Minimum fluid voidage	60
	Correlation	61
	Fluidization efficiency	63
	Equations	64
	Discussion	64
	Illustration	66
	Fluidization of an iron Fischer-Tropsch catalyst	67
	Material and operation	67
	Data and correlations	69
	Application to process design	71
	sample calculations and comments	75
	Abridged equations for estimating onset of fluidization	76
	Fluidization of mixed materials	78
	Stratification	78
	Correlation	79
	Solid-liquid systems	79
	Experimental	79
	Conclusions	80
	Data interpretation on the basis of the flocculation theory	80
	Fluidization of porous material	83
	General	83
	Experimental data	85
	Correlation and comments	86
	Minimum fluid voidage	87
	Channeling in fluidized beds	87
	Summary	90
	Summary of design equations	92
	Nomenclature	93
	Appendix	95