Return to DOE Report Table of Contents

Foreign Coal-Liquefaction-Technology Survey and Assessment - 1981

Pay, T. D.
Patel, S. S.

Oak Ridge National Lab

Table of Contents 148kb

Section 1
314kb		 Acknowledgements iii
Abstract 1
Summary 2
  Capsule Summary 2
Executive Summary 3
Section 2
419kb

1

 Resources, Policies and Programs 15
  1.1 Australia 15
1.2 Federal Republic of Germany 24
  1.2.1 Gasification programs 26
Section 3
507kb		 1.2.2 Liquefaction programs 36

1.3

 Japan 40
  1.3.1 National energy programs--Sunshine project 41
1.3.2 Coal conversion process development 41
1.3.3 Industrial activities and foreign cooperative project 44
1.4 New Zealand 45
1.5 South Africa 50
Section 4
457kb		 1.6 United Kingdom 59
  1.6.1 British Gas 20 year plant for SNG development 66
1.6.2 Plan for commercialization 67
1.6.3 Future programs 68
1.6.4 NCB Low-Btu 70
1.6.5 NCB COGAS work 70
1.6.6 Esso chemically active fluid bed gasification process 71
1.6.7 Use of slagging gasifier for electric power generation 71
1.6.8 Underground gasification 72
1.6.9 HCM process 72

1.7

 References 75
Section 5
563kb

2

 Liquefaction 84
 

2.1

 Indirect Liquefaction 87
  2.1.1 Methanol synthesis 88
2.1.2 Methanol-to-gasoline 91
2.1.3 Direct syngas-to-gasoline 98
2.1.4 Liquid-phase Fischer-Tropsch 102
Section 6
332kb

2.2

 Direct Liquefaction 112
  2.2.1 Liquid solvent extraction 113
2.2.2 Supercritical gas extraction 121
Section 7
664kb		 2.2.3 Ruhrkohle AG/Veba Oel AG coal hydrogenation plant 130
2.2.4 Saarberg coal liquefaction pilot plant 145
2.2.5 Rheinbraun brown coal liquefaction test plant 156
Section 8
192kb		 2.2.6 Solvolysis liquefaction 163
2.2.7 Extraction liquefaction 166
2.2.8 Direct hydrogenation liquefaction 169
Section 9
770kb

2.3

 Gasifiers Associated with Direct Liquefaction 173
  2.3.1 Koppers-Totzek process 173
2.3.2 Shell-Koppers process 203
Section 10
495kb		 2.3.3 Texaco process 213
2.3.4 Saarberg-Otto process 220
Section 11
389kb		 2.3.5 British gas/slagging lurgi process 236

2.4

 References 249
Section 12
404kb

3

 Specific Process Unit Development Efforts 258
  3.1 Pumps for coal liquefaction plants 258
3.2 Heat recovery systems 262
3.3 Solid-liquid separation 263
3.4 Pressure letdown valves 266
3.5 Gasifier coal feed systems 267
3.6 Compressors 269
3.7 Waste heat boilers 271
3.8 Acid gas removal systems 272
3.9 References 274

4

 Materials of Construction 275
Section 13
571kb		   4.1 Gasification 278
4.2 Liquefaction 278
  4.2.1 Valves and pumps--a generic problem 285
4.2.2 Slurry preheating 286
4.2.3 Pressure vessels 287
4.3 Summary of material findings 293
4.4 References 296
Section 14
543kb		 Appendix A 299
Appendix B 309
Appendix C 317
References 331